three|CD 
style|NN 
When|WRB an|DT architectural|JJ competition|NN was|VBD announced|VBN for|IN the|DT New|NNP York|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP on|IN May|NNP 21|CD ,|, 1897|CD ,|, Dr.|NN John|NNP Shaw|NNP Billings|NNS ,|, the|DT library|NN ’|NN s|VBZ executive|NN director|NN ,|, was|VBD determined|VBN that|IN in|IN his|PRP$ building|NN ,|, design|NN would|MD not|RB triumph|NN over|IN function|NN .|. 
He|PRP had|VBD in|IN mind|NN Boston|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ newly|RB built|VBN public|JJ library|NN ,|, a|DT beautiful|JJ but|CC in|IN his|PRP$ opinion|NN poorly|RB functioning|VBG building|NN .|. Billings|NNS ,|, an|DT ex-army|JJ physician|NN ,|, was|VBD responsible|JJ for|IN organizing|VBG the|DT Surgeon|NNP General|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Library|NNP and|CC a|DT celebrated|JJ medical|JJ index|NN .|. 
He|PRP was|VBD also|RB an|DT expert|NN in|IN hospital|NN design|NN ,|, and|CC was|VBD thus|RB familiar|JJ with|IN building|NN construction|NN .|. 
He|PRP drafted|VBD a|DT plan|NN for|IN the|DT new|JJ library|NN whose|WP$ most|RBS unorthodox|JJ feature|NN was|VBD the|DT location|NN of|IN the|DT main|JJ reading|NN room|NN .|. 
It|PRP was|VBD not|RB located|VBN near|IN the|DT main|JJ entrance|NN ,|, as|IN was|VBD common|JJ practice|NN ,|, but|CC on|IN an|DT upper|JJ floor|NN ,|, above|IN the|DT book|NN stacks|NNS .|. 

The|DT terms|NNS of|IN the|DT architectural|JJ competition|NN were|VBD strict|JJ and|CC included|VBD detailed|JJ floor|NN plans|NNS that|IN the|DT competitors|NNS were|VBD required|VBN to|TO follow|VB .|. 
There|EX were|VBD two|CD stages|NNS ,|, intended|VBN to|TO attract|VB new|JJ talent|NN as|RB well|RB as|IN established|VBN firms|NNS .|. First|CD ,|, six|CD architects|NNS were|VBD chosen|VBN from|IN an|DT open|JJ competition|NN .|. 
These|DT six|CD then|RB advanced|VBD to|TO a|DT second|JJ stage|NN ,|, where|WRB they|PRP competed|VBD against|IN six|CD invited|VBN firms|NNS that|WDT included|VBD not|RB only|RB McKim|NNP ,|, Mead|NNP &|CC White|NNP (|( the|DT architects|NNS of|IN the|DT Boston|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP )|) ,|, but|CC also|RB such|JJ luminaries|NNS as|IN Peabody|NNP &|CC Stearns|NNP ,|, George|NNP B.|NN Post|NNP ,|, and|CC an|DT up-and-coming|JJ young|JJ firm|NN ,|, Carrère|NNP &|CC Hastings|NNP .|. 
The|DT up-and-comers|JJ carried|VBD the|DT day|NN .|. McKim|NNP ,|, much|JJ to|TO his|PRP$ chagrin|NN ,|, not|RB only|RB lost|VBD but|CC placed|VBN third|JJ behind|IN Howard|NNP &|CC Cauldwell|NNP .|. 
It|PRP was|VBD his|PRP$ own|JJ fault|NN ,|, since|IN he|PRP imperiously|RB ignored|VBD the|DT suggested|JJ plan|NN and|CC substituted|VBD his|PRP$ own|JJ arrangement|NN .|. 
Carrère|NNP &|CC Hastings|NNP conscientiously|RB followed|VBD Billings|NNS ’|NN requirements|NNS .|. 

The|DT projected|JJ budget|NN for|IN the|DT new|JJ library|NN was|VBD not|RB large|JJ (|( $1.7|NN million|CD )|) and|CC Billings|NNS expected|VBD a|DT relatively|RB modest|JJ building|NN .|. *|NN 
That|DT was|VBD not|RB what|WP he|PRP got|VBD .|. 
All|DT three|CD designs|NNS were|VBD monumental|JJ .|. 
Carrère|NNP &|CC Hastings|NNP and|CC Howard|NNP &|CC Cauldwell|NNP used|VBD the|DT Modern|NNP French|JJ style|NN ,|, which|WDT was|VBD more|RBR ornate|JJ and|CC allowed|VBN for|IN more|JJR articulation|NN to|TO the|DT façade|NN than|IN the|DT austere|JJ Classical|NNP style|NN that|IN McKim|NNP opted|VBD for|IN .|. 
All|DT incorporated|JJ giant|NN columns|NNS rising|VBG the|DT full|JJ height|NN of|IN the|DT two|CD floors—|NN Corinthian|NNP in|IN McKim|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ case|NN ,|, Ionic|NNP in|IN the|DT other|JJ two|CD (|( the|DT completed|JJ building|NN is|VBZ Corinthian|NNP )|) .|. 
The|DT compositional|JJ strategies|NNS were|VBD roughly|RB similar|JJ :|: a|DT monumental|JJ stair|NN led|VBN to|TO an|DT elevated|VBD main|JJ floor|NN ;|: the|DT entrance|NN was|VBD placed|VBN in|IN the|DT center|NN (|( more|RBR understated|VBN in|IN McKim|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ elegant|JJ design|NN )|) ;|: statuary|JJ and|CC urns|NNS adorned|VBD the|DT attic|NN .|. 
All|DT three|CD entrants|NNS shared|VBD a|DT sense|NN of|IN what|WP was|VBD beautiful|JJ and|CC what|WP was|VBD appropriate|JJ ,|, and|CC all|DT were|VBD concerned|VBN with|IN conveying|VBG the|DT same|JJ message|NN of|IN permanence|NN ,|, dignity|NN ,|, and|CC of|IN culture|NN rooted|VBN in|IN the|DT past|NN .|. 

I|PRP mentioned|VBD the|DT New|NNP York|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP competition|NN when|WRB I|PRP gave|VBD a|DT public|JJ lecture|NN in|IN connection|NN with|IN a|DT recent|JJ architectural|JJ competition|NN for|IN the|DT new|JJ Salt|NNP Lake|NNP City|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP .|. 
The|DT library|NN board|NN had|VBD conducted|VBN a|DT national|JJ search|NN for|IN an|DT architect|NN ,|, visited|VBD new|JJ libraries|NNS across|IN the|DT country|NN ,|, and|CC solicited|VBD proposals|NNS from|IN prominent|JJ architects|NNS .|. 
They|PRP had|VBD narrowed|VBN their|PRP$ list|NN to|TO four|CD firms|NNS :|: Charles|NNP Gwathmey|NNP and|CC Robert|NNP Siegel|NNP are|VBP respected|VBN New|NNP York|NNP architects|NNS with|IN a|DT long|JJ record|NN of|IN university|NN buildings|NNS and|CC museums|NNS ,|, including|VBG a|DT new|JJ library|NN of|IN science|NN ,|, industry|NN ,|, and|CC business|NN for|IN the|DT New|NNP York|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP system|NN .|. 
Moshe|NNP Safdie|NNP had|VBD built|VBN major|JJ civic|JJ buildings|NNS in|IN Israel|NNP ,|, Canada|NNP ,|, and|CC the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS ,|, and|CC recently|RB completed|VBD the|DT public|JJ library|NN in|IN Vancouver|NNP ,|, British|NNP Columbia|NNP .|. 
Moore|NNP Ruble|NNP Yudell|NNP is|VBZ a|DT Los|NNP Angeles|NNP firm|NN founded|VBN by|IN the|DT late|JJ Charles|NNP Moore|NNP ,|, with|IN whom|WP John|NNP Ruble|NNP and|CC Buzz|NNP Yudell|NNP built|VBD several|JJ university|NN libraries|NNS and|CC a|DT public|JJ library|NN in|IN Berlin|NNP .|. 
Will|NNP Bruder|NNP ,|, the|DT least|JJS well-known|NN of|IN the|DT four|CD ,|, is|VBZ a|DT southwesterner|NN and|CC the|DT architect|NN of|IN the|DT new|JJ ,|, well-regarded|JJ Phoenix|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP .|. 

I|PRP told|VBD my|PRP$ audience|NN that|IN I|PRP thought|VBD that|IN the|DT Salt|NNP Lake|NNP City|NNP library|NN board|NN would|MD have|VB a|DT more|RBR difficult|JJ choice|NN than|IN their|PRP$ nineteenth-century|JJ New|NNP York|NNP counterparts|NNS .|. It|PRP was|VBD not|RB a|DT question|NN of|IN function|NN .|. 
The|DT Salt|NNP Lake|NNP City|NNP librarians|NNS had|VBD prepared|VBN an|DT equally|RB exhaustive|JJ program|NN of|IN requirements|NNS ,|, so|RB whichever|WDT architect|NN was|VBD chosen|VBN commodity|NN probably|RB would|MD be|VB well|RB served|VBN .|. 
As|IN for|IN firmness|NN ,|, I|PRP was|VBD reasonably|RB sure|JJ that|IN any|DT of|IN these|DT experienced|JJ firms|NNS would|MD build|VB soundly|RB .|. 
It|PRP was|VBD the|DT consideration|NN of|IN delight|NN that|WDT would|MD make|VB the|DT selection|NN harder|RBR .|. 
Gwathmey|NNP and|CC Siegel|NNP design|NN crisply|RB detailed|JJ ,|, understated|VBN buildings|NNS in|IN a|DT latter-day|JJ version|NN of|IN the|DT International|NNP Style|NN .|. 
Safdie|NNP ,|, too|RB ,|, is|VBZ a|DT modernist|NN ,|, but|CC he|PRP follows|VBZ in|IN the|DT footsteps|NNS of|IN Pei|NNP ,|, and|CC his|PRP$ buildings|NNS are|VBP frankly|RB monumental—the|NN Vancouver|NNP library|NN had|VBD been|VBN likened|VBN to|TO the|DT Roman|NNP Coliseum|NNP .|. 
Moore|NNP Ruble|NNP Yudell|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ work|NN is|VBZ different|JJ .|. 
Informal|NNP and|CC animated|VBN ,|, their|PRP$ eclectic|JJ Postmodern|NNP designs|NNS are|VBP likely|JJ to|TO include|VB ornament|NN and|CC architectural|JJ motifs|NNS drawn|VBN from|IN their|PRP$ surroundings|NNS .|. 
Bruder|NNP ,|, on|IN the|DT other|JJ hand|NN ,|, designs|VBZ chic|JJ buildings|NNS that|WDT incorporate|VB exposed|VBN structural|JJ elements|NNS ,|, rough|JJ industrial|JJ materials|NNS ,|, and|CC sleek|JJ details|NNS .|. 
Building|NNP on|IN the|DT same|JJ site|NN ,|, fulfilling|VBG the|DT same|JJ functional|JJ requirements|NNS ,|, and|CC using|VBG the|DT same|JJ up-to-date|JJ construction|NN technology|NN ,|, the|DT four|CD firms|NNS would|MD produce|VB libraries|NNS that|WDT would|MD look|VB different|JJ .|. 

The|DT library|NN board|NN awarded|VBD the|DT commission|NN to|TO Moshe|NNP Safdie|NNP ,|, and|CC a|DT year|NN later|RB the|DT plans|NNS for|IN the|DT new|JJ building|NN were|VBD unveiled|VBN .|. 
The|DT new|JJ library|NN will|MD feature|VB an|DT unusual|JJ triangular-shaped|JJ main|JJ building|NN and|CC a|DT curving|VBG wall-like|JJ structure|NN that|IN encloses|NNS a|DT public|JJ square|NN .|. 
A|DT hundred|CD years|NNS ago|RB ,|, it|PRP was|VBD taken|VBN for|IN granted|VBN that|IN the|DT New|NNP York|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP would|MD be|VB designed|VBN in|IN some|DT variant|NN of|IN the|DT Classical|NNP style|NN .|. 
Today|NN a|DT public|JJ library|NN can|MD take|VB many|JJ guises|NNS .|. 
It|PRP can|MD be|VB relentlessly|RB avant-garde|NN ,|, like|IN the|DT new|JJ $1.5|NN billion|CD national|JJ library|NN in|IN Paris|NNP ,|, where|WRB the|DT books|NNS are|VBP housed|VBN in|IN four|CD L-|NNP shaped|VBN 22|CD -|: story|NN glass|NN towers|NNS ,|, and|CC the|DT readers|NNS are|VBP lodged|VBN in|IN underground|JJ rooms|NNS ,|, which|WDT the|DT London|NNP Times|NNP described|VBD as|IN “|NN a|DT series|NN of|IN rectangular|JJ salons|NNS (|( identical|JJ of|IN course|NN )|) where|WRB you|PRP can|MD admire|NN the|DT ultra-smooth|JJ gray|JJ concrete|NN ,|, steel|NN grille|NN ceilings|NNS and|CC the|DT expanses|NNS of|IN African|JJ veneer|NN .|. ”|NN 
1|CD A|DT new|JJ library|NN can|MD be|VB comfortably|RB Modernist|NNP ,|, like|IN the|DT new|JJ British|NNP Library|NNP in|IN London|NNP ,|, which|WDT the|DT Independent|NNP humorously|RB described|VBD as|IN “|NN a|DT giant|NN municipal|JJ building|NN that|WDT has|VBZ made|VBN its|PRP$ way|NN from|IN Scandinavia|NNP ,|, having|VBG crashed|VBD headfirst|NN through|IN an|DT English|NNP brickworks|NNS on|IN the|DT way|NN .|. 
”|NN 2|CD Tom|NNP Beeby|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ handsome|JJ Harold|NNP T.|NN Washington|NNP Library|NNP in|IN Chicago|NNP ,|, on|IN the|DT other|JJ hand|NN ,|, is|VBZ distinctly|RB old-fashioned|JJ ,|, with|IN rusticated|VBN stone|NN walls|NNS and|CC carved|VBN brick|NN ornaments|NNS that|WDT are|VBP a|DT literal|JJ evocation|NN of|IN the|DT city|NN ’|NN s|VBZ nineteenth-century|JJ architectural|JJ tradition|NN .|. 
Instead|RB of|IN trendy|JJ plastic|NN or|CC metal|NN chairs|NNS ,|, the|DT reading|NN areas|NNS are|VBP equipped|VBN with|IN solid|JJ wood|NN tables|NNS and|CC traditional|JJ courthouse|NN chairs|NNS .|. 
James|NNP Ingo|NNP Freed|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Main|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP in|IN San|NNP Francisco|NNP ,|, on|IN the|DT other|JJ hand|NN ,|, is|VBZ both|DT old|JJ and|CC new|JJ :|: the|DT imposing|VBG granite|NN and|CC stainless|JJ steel|NN exterior|NN is|VBZ more|JJR or|CC less|JJR Classical|NNP on|IN one|CD façade|NN ,|, and|CC more|JJR or|CC less|JJR Modernist|NNP on|IN another|DT .|. 

The|DT coexistence|NN of|IN different|JJ architectural|JJ styles|NNS is|VBZ nothing|NN new|JJ .|. 
In|IN a|DT 1913|CD essay|NN titled|VBD “|NN Style|NN in|IN American|NNP Architecture|NNP ,|, ”|NN Ralph|NNP Adams|NNP Cram|NNP identified|VBD no|RB less|JJR than|IN seven|CD contemporary|JJ styles|NNS ,|, although|IN he|PRP called|VBD them|PRP “|NN tendencies|NNS .|. ”|NN 
Five|CD were|VBD traditional|JJ :|: McKim|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ pure|JJ Classicism|NNP ;|: the|DT Beaux-|NNP Arts|NNP French|NNP Modern|NNP ;|: Colonial|NNP ,|, which|WDT was|VBD associated|VBN with|IN houses|NNS but|CC was|VBD also|RB appearing|VBG in|IN larger|JJR buildings|NNS such|JJ as|IN the|DT Johns|NNP Hopkins|NNP University|NNP campus|NN ;|: Cram|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ own|VBN High|NNP Gothic|NNP ;|: and|CC a|DT looser|JJR interpretation|NN of|IN the|DT medieval|NN style|NN as|IN practiced|VBN by|IN his|PRP$ partner|NN Goodhue|NNP .|. 
Two|CD were|VBD new|JJ :|: steel-frame|JJ construction|NN ,|, which|WDT Cram|NNP described|VBD as|IN an|DT enfant|NN terrible|JJ ;|: and|CC what|WP he|PRP called|VBD the|DT Secessionists—|NNP Frank|NNP Lloyd|NNP Wright|NNP in|IN Chicago|NNP ,|, the|DT Greene|NNP brothers|NNS in|IN Pasadena—who|NNP exhibited|VBN “|NN a|DT strongly|RB developed|VBN enmity|NN to|TO archaeological|JJ forms|NNS of|IN any|DT kind|NN .|. ”|NN 
Cram|NNP was|VBD not|RB sanguine|JJ about|IN the|DT future|NN ,|, but|CC he|PRP nevertheless|RB concluded|VBD :|: “|NN Chaos|NNP then|RB confronts|VBZ us|PRP ,|, in|IN that|DT there|EX is|VBZ no|DT single|JJ architectural|JJ following|NN ,|, but|CC legion|NN ;|: and|CC in|IN that|DT fact|NN lies|VBZ the|DT honor|NN of|IN our|PRP$ art|NN ,|, for|IN neither|DT is|VBZ society|NN one|CD ,|, or|CC ever|RB at|IN one|CD with|IN itself|PRP .|. ”|NN 
3|CD 
Cram|NNP is|VBZ right|NN :|: most|RBS historical|JJ periods|NNS are|VBP marked|VBN by|IN stylistic|JJ confusion|NN ;|: it|PRP is|VBZ stylistic|JJ consensus|NN that|WDT is|VBZ unusual|JJ .|. 
There|EX was|VBD such|JJ a|DT brief|JJ consensus|NN in|IN the|DT late|JJ 1890s|NN ,|, when|WRB both|DT architects|NNS and|CC the|DT American|JJ public|NN ,|, under|IN the|DT influence|NN of|IN the|DT immensely|RB popular|JJ World|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Columbian|NNP Exposition|NNP ,|, embraced|VBD Classicism|NNP ,|, at|IN least|JJS for|IN public|JJ buildings|NNS .|. 
That|DT unanimity|NN lasted|VBD long|RB enough|RB for|IN the|DT New|NNP York|NNP Public|NNP Library|NNP competition|NN ,|, but|CC it|PRP began|VBD to|TO unravel|VB shortly|RB after|RB ,|, as|IN Cram|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ essay|NN makes|VBZ clear|JJ .|. 
There|EX was|VBD also|RB a|DT consensus|NN in|IN the|DT 1920s|NN ,|, at|IN least|JJS among|IN progressive|JJ architects|NNS .|. 
That|DT consensus|NN did|VBD not|RB last|JJ either|CC .|. 
After|IN 1940|CD ,|, Mies|NNP van|NN der|NNP Rohe|NNP gave|VBD up|RP the|DT free-flowing|JJ plans|NNS and|CC asymmetrical|JJ massing|VBG that|WDT had|VBD characterized|VBN the|DT Barcelona|NNP Pavilion|NNP and|CC the|DT Tugendhat|NNP House|NNP ,|, and|CC began|VBD designing|VBG buildings|NNS whose|WP$ details|NNS and|CC materials|NNS were|VBD Modern|NNP but|CC whose|WP$ layout|NN and|CC composition|NN were|VBD distinctly|RB Classical|NNP .|. 
In|IN the|DT 1920s|NN ,|, Le|NNP Corbusier|NNP proclaimed|VBD the|DT “|NN Five|CD Points|NNPS of|IN a|DT New|NNP Architecture|NNP ”|NN :|: the|DT building|NN raised|VBD on|IN stilts|NNS ;|: the|DT roof|NN garden|NN ;|: the|DT frame|NN structure|NN that|WDT allowed|VBD a|DT free|JJ plan|NN ;|: the|DT free|JJ façade|NN ;|: and|CC the|DT horizontal|NN ribbon|NN window|NN .|. 
He|PRP ,|, too|RB ,|, had|VBD second|JJ thoughts|NNS .|. 
Thirty|NNP years|NNS later|RB ,|, his|PRP$ wonderful|JJ chapel|NN at|IN Ronchamps|NNP had|VBD massive|JJ sculpted|JJ wall|NN that|WDT concealed|VBN a|DT concrete|JJ frame|NN ;|: the|DT roof|NN ,|, far|RB from|IN being|VBG flat|JJ ,|, resembled|JJ a|DT billowing|VBG nun|NN ’|NN s|VBZ coif|NN .|. 
Le|NNP Corbusier|NNP ,|, who|WP had|VBD coined|VBN the|DT famous|JJ expression|NN ,|, “|NN a|DT house|NN is|VBZ a|DT machine|NN for|IN living|VBG in|IN ,|, ”|NN now|RB adopted|VBD distinctly|RB un-machinelike|JJ building|NN materials|NNS such|JJ as|IN crudely|RB finished|VBD concrete|JJ ,|, exposed|VBN brick|NN ,|, roughened|JJ stucco|NN ,|, and|CC fieldstone|NN .|. 
This|DT volte|NN face|NN gave|VBD rise|NN to|TO the|DT so-called|JJ Brutalist|NNP style|NN ,|, which|WDT had|VBD a|DT worldwide|NN influence|NN ,|, shaping|VBG the|DT work|NN of|IN architects|NNS as|RB dissimilar|JJ as|IN James|NNP Stirling|NNP and|CC Paul|NNP Rudolph|NNP ,|, and|CC ultimately|RB opening|VBG the|DT door|NN to|TO Postmodern|NNP stylistic|JJ experiments|NNS such|JJ as|IN Charles|NNP Moore|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ little|JJ house|NN in|IN the|DT Berkeley|NNP hills|NNS .|. 

The|DT inconstancy|NN of|IN the|DT International|NNP Style|NN practitioners|NNS should|MD have|VB been|VBN expected|VBN .|. 
The|DT history|NN of|IN Western|JJ architecture|NN is|VBZ of|IN architects|NNS searching|VBG for|IN rules|NNS ,|, only|RB to|TO bend|VB and|CC break|VB them|PRP .|. 
Even|RB Classicism|NNP ,|, which|WDT appears|VBZ at|IN first|JJ glance|NN to|TO be|VB highly|RB regimented|JJ ,|, is|VBZ not|RB immune|JJ .|. 
As|RB far|RB as|IN we|PRP know|VBP ,|, the|DT ancient|JJ Greeks|NNPS used|VBD only|RB three|CD orders|NNS :|: Doric|NNP ,|, Ionic|NNP ,|, and|CC Corinthian|NNP .|. 
Vitruvius|NNP describes|VBZ them|PRP ,|, and|CC also|RB refers|VBZ to|TO a|DT Tuscan|NNP order|NN ,|, which|WDT is|VBZ a|DT Roman|NNP invention|NN .|. 
Roman|NNP ,|, too|RB ,|, is|VBZ the|DT so-called|JJ Composite|NNP order|NN ,|, an|DT ornate|JJ blend|NN of|IN Ionic|NNP and|CC Corinthian|NNP .|. 
The|DT vault|NN ,|, the|DT arch|NN ,|, and|CC the|DT dome|NN ,|, unknown|JJ to|TO the|DT Greeks|NNPS ,|, were|VBD other|JJ Roman|NNP additions|NNS to|TO the|DT Classic|NNP canon|NN .|. 
Architects|NNPS have|VBP been|VBN stretching|VBG Classical|NNP rules|NNS ever|RB since|IN :|: breaking|VBG pediments|NNS ,|, flattening|VBG pilasters|NNS ,|, magnifying|VBG and|CC shrinking|VBG columns|NNS ,|, rusticating|VBG masonry|NN .|. 
A|DT sixteenth-century|JJ French|JJ architect|NN ,|, Philibert|NNP de|IN l|NN ’|NN Orme|NNP ,|, invented|VBD a|DT French|JJ order|NN ;|: Edwin|NNP Lutyens|NNP devised|VBD an|DT order|NN based|VBN on|IN Mughal|NNP precedents|NNS for|IN the|DT Viceroy|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ House|NNP in|IN New|NNP Delhi|NNP ;|: more|RBR recently|RB ,|, Allan|NNP Greenberg|NNP created|VBD an|DT order|NN for|IN the|DT offices|NNS of|IN the|DT Secretary|NNP of|IN State|NNP that|WDT incorporated|VBD the|DT Great|NNP Seal|NNP of|IN the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS .|. 
Michael|NNP Graves|NNP designed|VBD Classical|NNP caryatids|NNS (|( columns|NNS carved|VBN in|IN the|DT shape|NN of|IN human|JJ figures|NNS )|) to|TO support|VB the|DT pedimented|JJ front|NN of|IN an|DT office|NN building|NN for|IN the|DT Walt|NNP Disney|NNP Company|NNP in|IN Burbank|NNP .|. 
While|IN the|DT supports|NNS of|IN the|DT porch|NN of|IN the|DT Erechtheon|NNP in|IN Athens|NNP take|VB the|DT form|NN of|IN graceful|JJ maidens|NNS ,|, Graves|NNP ’|NN caryatids|NNS are|VBP the|DT Seven|CD Dwarfs|NNP .|. 

The|DT headquarters|NN of|IN a|DT company|NN whose|WP$ logo|NN is|VBZ a|DT pair|NN of|IN mouse|NN ears|NNS obviously|RB demands|VBZ a|DT different|JJ decorum|NN from|IN a|DT temple|NN .|. 
In|IN the|DT past|JJ ,|, religious|JJ buildings|NNS and|CC palaces|NNS required|VBD a|DT narrow|JJ stylistic|JJ range|NN .|. 
As|IN architectural|JJ commissions|NNS grew|VBD to|TO include|VB civic|JJ and|CC commercial|JJ buildings|NNS ,|, warehouses|NNS ,|, factories|NNS ,|, shops|NNS and|CC cinemas|NNS ,|, houses|NNS and|CC weekend|NN houses—every|NN sort|NN of|IN building—a|NN single|JJ style|NN no|RB longer|RB sufficed|VBD .|. 
Gothic|NNP is|VBZ an|DT evocative|JJ style|NN for|IN churches|NNS ,|, but|CC despite|IN Walpole|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ efforts|NNS it|PRP is|VBZ ill-adapted|JJ to|TO houses|NNS .|. 
Romanesque|JJ makes|VBZ imposing|VBG city|NN halls|NNS ,|, but|CC is|VBZ too|RB heavy|JJ to|TO be|VB applied|VBN to|TO skyscrapers|NNS .|. 
The|DT International|NNP Style|NN makes|VBZ striking|JJ small|JJ buildings|NNS but|CC monotonous|JJ large|JJ ones|NNS .|. 
Shingle|NNP Style|NN cottages|NNS are|VBP pleasing|VBG ;|: a|DT Shingle|NNP Style|NN Home|NNP Depot|NNP is|VBZ ridiculous|JJ .|. 
As|IN Cram|NNP wisely|RB observed|VBD ,|, “|NN Architecture|NNP is|VBZ nothing|NN unless|IN it|PRP is|VBZ intimately|RB expressive|JJ ,|, and|CC if|IN utterly|RB different|JJ things|NNS clamor|NN for|IN voicing|VBG ,|, different|JJ also|RB must|MD be|VB their|PRP$ architectural|JJ manifestation|NN .|. 
”|NN 4|CD 
The|DT great|JJ architects—|NN Brunelleschi|NNP ,|, Palladio|NNP ,|, Wren|NNP ,|, Richardson|NNP ,|, Lutyens—regularly|NNP looked|VBD to|TO the|DT past|NN for|IN inspiration|NN .|. 
In|IN 1965|CD ,|, Richard|NNP Meier|NNP built|VBD the|DT Smith|NNP House|NNP ,|, which|WDT has|VBZ been|VBN called|VBN the|DT first|JJ International|NNP Style|NN revival|NN building|NN .|. 
Like|IN all|DT revivalists|NNS ,|, Meier|NNP picks|VBZ and|CC chooses|VBZ .|. 
At|IN first|JJ glance|NN ,|, the|DT Smith|NNP House|NNP has|VBZ all|PDT the|DT stylistic|JJ hallmarks|NNS of|IN a|DT Le|NNP Corbusier|NNP villa|NN of|IN the|DT 1920s|NN :|: a|DT free|JJ plan|NN ,|, flat|JJ roof|NN ,|, white|JJ walls|NNS ,|, pipe|NN railings|NNS ,|, horizontal|NN ribbon|NN windows|NNS ,|, a|DT ramp|NN .|. 
Yet|CC it|PRP is|VBZ built|VBN out|IN of|IN wood|NN and|CC steel|NN ,|, not|RB masonry|NN .|. 
The|DT white|JJ walls|NNS are|VBP painted|VBN wood|NN siding|NN ,|, not|RB stucco|NN ;|: the|DT details|NNS are|VBP more|RBR refined|JJ ,|, the|DT plate-glass|JJ sheets|NNS are|VBP larger|JJR ,|, the|DT structure|NN lighter|JJR .|. 
The|DT result|NN is|VBZ an|DT International|NNP Style|NN that|WDT is|VBZ filtered|VBN through|IN American|JJ consciousness|NN and|CC shaped|VBN by|IN American|JJ technology|NN .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ like|IN Thomas|NNP Jefferson|NNP building|NN Classical|NNP columns|NNS out|IN of|IN wood—the|NN same|JJ ,|, but|CC different|JJ .|. 

Although|IN art|NN historians|NNS use|VBP terms|NNS like|IN Gothic|NNP Revival|NNP and|CC Greek|NNP Revival|NNP to|TO distinguish|VB later|RB reincarnations|NNS of|IN styles|NNS ,|, architects|NNS look|VBP at|IN history|NN differently|RB .|. 
“|NN For|IN the|DT serious|JJ architect|NN the|DT past|JJ exists|VBZ not|RB as|IN a|DT legacy|NN to|TO be|VB possessed|VBN through|IN a|DT self-conscious|JJ act|NN of|IN the|DT ‘|NN modern|JJ ’|NN will|MD ,|, ”|NN writes|VBZ Roger|NNP Scruton|NNP in|IN The|DT Aesthetics|NNP of|IN Architecture|NNP ,|, “|NN but|CC as|IN an|DT enduring|VBG fact|NN ,|, an|DT ineliminable|JJ part|NN of|IN an|DT extended|VBN present|JJ .|. ”|NN 
5|CD That|DT is|VBZ why|WRB architects|NNS ,|, whether|IN they|PRP are|VBP Inigo|NNP Jones|NNP or|CC Louis|NNP Kahn|NNP ,|, make|VB architectural|JJ pilgrimages|NNS to|TO the|DT Mediterranean|NNP roots|NNS of|IN Western|JJ architecture|NN .|. 
Sketchbook|NNP in|IN hand|NN ,|, they|PRP plumb|NN the|DT secrets|NNS of|IN the|DT master|NN builders|NNS of|IN the|DT past|NN .|. 
Consciousness|NNP of|IN the|DT past|JJ may|MD also|RB explain|VB why|WRB architects|NNS tend|VBP to|TO resist|VB being|VBG categorized|VBN according|VBG to|TO style|NN ;|: they|PRP instinctively|RB understand|VBP that|IN the|DT history|NN of|IN architecture—including|VBG the|DT present—is|NNS a|DT continuity|NN rather|RB than|IN a|DT series|NN of|IN episodes|NNS .|. 

Stylistic|NNP consistency|NN is|VBZ much|RB admired|VBN today|NN ,|, but|CC it|PRP was|VBD not|RB always|RB so|RB .|. In|IN 1419|CD ,|, Filippo|NNP Brunelleschi|NNP began|VBD the|DT Foundling|NNP Hospital|NNP in|IN Florence|NNP ,|, whose|WP$ delicate|JJ arcade|NN of|IN Corinthian|NNP columns|NNS surmounted|JJ by|IN pedimented|JJ windows|NNS is|VBZ generally|RB considered|VBN the|DT first|JJ building|NN of|IN the|DT Renaissance|NNP .|. 
At|IN the|DT very|RB same|JJ time|NN ,|, he|PRP was|VBD building|VBG a|DT great|JJ dome|NN over|IN the|DT crossing|VBG of|IN the|DT cathedral|NN of|IN Florence|NNP in|IN a|DT style|NN that|WDT was|VBD not|RB Classical|NNP but|CC distinctly|RB Gothic|NNP ,|, pointed|VBD arches|NNS and|CC all|DT .|. 
The|DT German|JJ architect|NN Karl|NNP Friedrich|NNP Schinkel|NNP is|VBZ best|RBS known|VBN for|IN his|PRP$ severe|JJ Classical|NNP public|JJ buildings|NNS such|JJ as|IN the|DT superb|JJ Altes|NNP Museum|NNP in|IN Berlin|NNP ,|, but|CC he|PRP also|RB worked|VBD in|IN other|JJ styles|NNS :|: Gothic|NNP in|IN churches|NNS ,|, and|CC picturesque|NN Italianate|JJ in|IN villas|NNS .|. McKim|NNP ,|, Mead|NNP &|CC White|NNP favored|VBD the|DT Classical|NNP style|NN for|IN public|JJ buildings|NNS and|CC palatial|JJ residences|NNS ,|, but|CC built|VBD Norman|NNP parish|NN churches|NNS ,|, Shingle|NNP Style|NN summer|NN retreats|NNS ,|, French|NNP Renaissance|NNP mansions|NNS ,|, and|CC American|NNP Colonial|NNP country|NN houses|NNS .|. 
John|NNP Russell|NNP Pope|NNP ,|, an|DT eclectic|JJ master|NN ,|, designed|VBD beautiful|JJ picturesque|NN Tudor|NNP ,|, Georgian|JJ ,|, and|CC Colonial|NNP country|NN estates|NNS .|. Edwin|NNP Lutyens|NNP was|VBD another|DT Classicist|NNP whose|WP$ residential|JJ work|NN was|VBD eclectic|JJ .|. 

Domestic|JJ architects|NNS had|VBD to|TO be|VB adaptable|JJ ,|, because|IN house|NN styles|NNS changed|VBD according|VBG to|TO fashion|NN .|. 
In|IN the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS ,|, Tudor|NNP was|VBD popular|JJ in|IN the|DT 1900s|NN ,|, as|IN was|VBD the|DT Free|NNP Style|NN ;|: Cotswold|NNP and|CC French|NNP Provincial|NNP appeared|VBD in|IN the|DT 1920s|NN .|. 
After|IN the|DT 1930s|NN ,|, influenced|VBN by|IN the|DT restoration|NN of|IN Williamsburg|NNP ,|, American|NNP Colonial|NNP returned|VBD to|TO favor|VB .|. 
The|DT Cotswold|NNP style|NN ,|, with|IN its|PRP$ relatively|RB severe|JJ details|NNS and|CC blunt|VB forms|NNS ,|, created|VBD a|DT very|RB different|JJ setting|NN from|IN French|NNP Provincial|NNP ,|, which|WDT tended|VBD to|TO have|VB more|RBR delicate|JJ details|NNS ,|, from|IN Free|NNP Style|NN with|IN its|PRP$ almost|RB rustic|JJ atmosphere|NN ,|, or|CC from|IN sturdy|JJ Colonial|NNP 
.|. Since|IN historic|JJ styles|NNS carry|VBP cultural|JJ overtones|NNS ,|, using|VBG different|JJ styles|NNS was|VBD also|RB a|DT way|NN for|IN architects—and|NN clients—to|NN say|VBP different|JJ things|NNS .|. 

If|IN architectural|JJ style|NN is|VBZ a|DT language—an|NN analogy|NN that|WDT is|VBZ deeply|RB flawed—it|NN is|VBZ closer|JJR to|TO slang|NN than|IN to|TO grammatical|JJ prose|NN .|. 
Architectural|NNP styles|NNS are|VBP mutable|JJ ,|, unregulated|JJ ,|, improvised|VBD .|. 
Architects|NNPS break|VBP the|DT rules|NNS ,|, and|CC invent|VB new|JJ ones|NNS .|. 
In|IN part|NN ,|, this|DT is|VBZ simply|RB the|DT irrepressible|JJ urge|NN of|IN creative|JJ individuals|NNS .|. 
In|IN part|NN ,|, architects|NNS break|VBP stylistic|JJ rules|NNS because|IN they|PRP can|MD .|. 
After|IN all|DT ,|, most|JJS of|IN the|DT rules|NNS that|WDT govern|VBP building|VBG design—fire|NN codes|NNS ,|, building|NN codes|NNS ,|, zoning|NN laws|NNS ,|, budgets|NNS ,|, programmatic|JJ requirements|NNS ,|, engineering|NN norms—are|NN outside|IN the|DT architect|NN ’|NN s|VBZ control|NN ;|: stylistic|JJ rules|NNS are|VBP firmly|RB within|IN his|PRP$ purview|NN .|. 
Since|IN architecture|NN is|VBZ so|RB intensely|RB competitive|JJ ,|, doing|VBG something|NN unexpected|JJ ,|, unusual|JJ ,|, or|CC just|RB different|JJ is|VBZ a|DT way|NN to|TO be|VB noticed|VBN ,|, to|TO rise|VB above|IN the|DT crowd|NN .|. 

In|IN addition|NN to|TO historical|JJ styles|NNS ,|, there|EX have|VBP also|RB been|VBN styles|NNS associated|VBN with|IN individual|JJ architects|NNS .|. 
The|DT Palladian|NNP style|NN made|VBD its|PRP$ way|NN from|IN Andrea|NNP Palladio|NNP to|TO Inigo|NNP Jones|NNP ,|, from|IN him|PRP to|TO Colen|NNP Campbell|NNP and|CC Lord|NNP Burlington|NNP ,|, and|CC thence|NN to|TO Thomas|NNP Jefferson|NNP .|. 
It|PRP reappears|NNS in|IN the|DT work|NN of|IN contemporary|JJ Classicists|NNP such|JJ as|IN Allan|NNP Greenberg|NNP .|. 
H.|NN H.|NN Richardson|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ influence|NN was|VBD considerably|RB shorter-lived|JJ ,|, but|CC for|IN at|IN least|JJS 20|CD years|NNS Richardsonian|NNP Romanesque|JJ rolled|VBD over|IN the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS like|IN an|DT “|NN aesthetic|JJ Juggernaut|NNP ,|, ”|NN in|IN Cram|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ colorful|JJ phrase|NN .|. 
Mies|NNP van|NN der|NNP Rohe|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ steel-and-glass|JJ style|NN likewise|RB prevailed|VBD for|IN more|JJR than|IN two|CD decades|NNS ,|, and|CC his|PRP$ characteristic|JJ I-|NNP beam|NN window|NN mullion|NN can|MD still|RB be|VB seen|VBN in|IN contemporary|JJ curtain|NN walls|NNS .|. 

Buildings|NNS like|IN Jones|NNP ’|NN Palladian|NNP Queen|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ House|NNP in|IN Greenwich|NNP ,|, Adler|NNP &|CC Sullivan|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Richardsonian|NNP Romanesque|JJ Auditorium|NNP Building|NNP in|IN Chicago|NNP ,|, and|CC Gordon|NNP Bunshaft|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Miesian|NNP Lever|NNP House|NNP are|VBP not|RB copies|NNS but|CC satisfying|VBG originals|NNS .|. 
However|RB ,|, most|RBS personal|JJ styles|NNS are|VBP not|RB easily|RB adaptable|JJ .|. 
A|DT building|NN in|IN Wright|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ unmistakable|JJ Prairie|NNP style|NN ,|, for|IN example|NN ,|, simply|RB looks|VBZ like|IN a|DT knock-off|NN .|. 
Some|DT personal|JJ styles|NNS are|VBP simply|RB too|RB obsessive|JJ ,|, which|WDT is|VBZ probably|RB why|WRB Frank|NNP Furness|NNP and|CC the|DT equally|RB idiosyncratic|JJ Barcelona|NNP architect|NN Antonio|NNP Gaudí|NNP never|RB attracted|VBD a|DT following|VBG .|. 

Inigo|NNP Jones|NNP consciously|RB based|VBD his|PRP$ work|NN on|IN the|DT architecture|NN of|IN Palladio|NNP ,|, but|CC he|PRP did|VBD not|RB think|VB of|IN himself|PRP as|IN working|VBG in|IN the|DT Palladian|NNP “|NN style|NN ,|, ”|NN any|DT more|JJR than|IN Palladio|NNP would|MD have|VB referred|VBN to|TO the|DT Classical|NNP “|NN style|NN .|. ”|NN 
Although|IN Renaissance|NNP architects|NNS described|VBD their|PRP$ architecture|NN as|IN all|DT ’|NN antica—in|NN the|DT antique|JJ manner—they|NN took|VBD it|PRP for|IN granted|VBN that|IN the|DT history|NN of|IN architecture|NN was|VBD a|DT progression|NN :|: the|DT Romans|NNP improved|VBD on|IN the|DT Greeks|NNPS ,|, and|CC they|PRP would|MD improved|VBN on|IN the|DT Romans|NNP .|. 
According|VBG to|TO the|DT architecture|NN historian|NN Peter|NNP Collins|NNP ,|, the|DT use|NN of|IN the|DT word|NN style|NN to|TO designate|VB the|DT architecture|NN of|IN a|DT particular|JJ period|NN or|CC country|NN is|VBZ relatively|RB late|RB .|. 
He|PRP cites|VBZ James|NNP Stuart|NNP and|CC Nicholas|NNP Revett|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Antiquities|NNP of|IN Athens|NNP ,|, published|VBN in|IN 1762|CD and|CC credited|VBN with|IN inaugurating|VBG the|DT Classical|NNP Revival|NNP in|IN England|NNP .|. 
The|DT authors|NNS ,|, both|DT architects|NNS ,|, referred|VBD to|TO “|NN the|DT Grecian|NNP and|CC Roman|NNP style|NN of|IN building|NN .|. ”|NN 
6|CD 
The|DT Latin|NNP root|NN of|IN “|NN style|NN ”|NN is|VBZ stilus|JJ .|. 
A|DT stilus|JJ was|VBD the|DT sharp-pointed|JJ tool|NN used|VBN to|TO write|VB on|IN wax|NN tablets|NNS and|CC ,|, by|IN inference|NN ,|, stilus|JJ also|RB referred|VBD to|TO the|DT way|NN that|DT something|NN was|VBD written|VBN .|. 
This|DT sense|NN of|IN technique|NN carried|VBD over|IN to|TO English|NNP ,|, and|CC the|DT original|JJ meaning|NN of|IN style|NN was|VBD those|DT features|NNS of|IN literary|JJ composition|NN that|WDT belonged|VBD to|TO the|DT form|NN rather|RB than|IN to|TO the|DT substance|NN of|IN the|DT matter|NN being|VBG expressed|VBN .|. 
The|DT seventeenth-century|JJ English|NNP musical|JJ composer|NN Samuel|NNP Wesley|NNP put|VBD it|PRP neatly|RB :|: “|NN Style|NN is|VBZ the|DT dress|NN of|IN thought|VBD .|. ”|NN 
Jacques-|NNP François|NNP Blondel|NNP ,|, who|WP was|VBD Louis|NNP XV|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ architect|NN and|CC who|WP founded|VBD the|DT first|JJ full-time|JJ school|NN of|IN architecture|NN in|IN Europe|NNP in|IN 1750|CD ,|, adopted|VBD this|DT literary|JJ meaning|NN as|IN a|DT metaphor|NN and|CC described|VBD architectural|JJ style|NN as|IN a|DT building|NN ’|NN s|VBZ character—for|NN example|NN ,|, rustic|JJ ,|, regal|NN ,|, or|CC heroic|JJ .|. 
“|NN Style|NN in|IN the|DT organization|NN of|IN façades|NNS and|CC in|IN the|DT decoration|NN of|IN rooms|NNS is|VBZ the|DT poetry|NN of|IN architecture|NN ,|, ”|NN he|PRP taught|VBD his|PRP$ students|NNS ,|, “|NN which|WDT alone|RB makes|VBZ all|PDT the|DT architect|NN ’|NN s|VBZ compositions|NNS truly|RB interesting|JJ .|. ”|NN 7|CD 

Literary|NNP style|NN described|VBD the|DT way|NN that|DT something|NN was|VBD written|VBN ,|, expressed|VBD ,|, or|CC performed|VBD .|. Architectural|NNP style|NN ,|, in|IN Blondel|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ sense|NN ,|, describes|VBZ the|DT way|NN that|DT something|NN was|VBD built|VBN .|. 
Although|IN architecture|NN is|VBZ often|RB defined|VBN in|IN terms|NNS of|IN abstractions|NNS such|JJ as|IN space|NN ,|, light|JJ ,|, and|CC volume|NN ,|, buildings|NNS are|VBP above|IN all|DT physical|JJ artifacts|NNS .|. 
The|DT experience|NN of|IN architecture|NN is|VBZ palpable|JJ :|: the|DT grain|NN of|IN wood|NN ,|, the|DT veined|JJ surface|NN of|IN marble|NN ,|, the|DT cold|JJ precision|NN of|IN steel|NN ,|, the|DT textured|JJ pattern|NN of|IN brick|NN .|. 
But|CC exactly|RB what|WP do|VBP we|PRP see|VBP when|WRB we|PRP look|VBP at|IN brickwork|NN ?|. 
We|PRP see|VBP the|DT joints|NNS between|IN the|DT bricks|NNS and|CC the|DT mortar|NN (|( which|WDT can|MD be|VB flush|JJ ,|, or|CC scraped|JJ out|IN to|TO create|VB shadows|NNS ;|: the|DT bonding|NN patterns|NNS ;|: the|DT way|NN that|IN the|DT bricks|NNS turn|VBP the|DT corner|NN ;|: the|DT surrounding|VBG of|IN openings|NNS ;|: and|CC the|DT connection|NN between|IN the|DT brick|NN wall|NN and|CC the|DT foundation|NN or|CC the|DT eaves|NNS .|. 
What|WP we|PRP see|VBP are|VBP details|NNS .|. 

Details|NNS are|VBP a|DT major|JJ preoccupation|NN of|IN the|DT architect|NN .|. 
Once|RB the|DT overall|JJ form|NN of|IN a|DT building|NN is|VBZ determined—|NN “|NN the|DT masterly|RB ,|, correct|JJ ,|, and|CC magnificent|JJ play|NN of|IN masses|NNS brought|VBN together|RB in|IN light|JJ ”|NN —|NN there|EX remains|VBZ the|DT question|NN not|RB only|RB of|IN what|WP materials|NNS are|VBP to|TO be|VB used|VBN and|CC how|WRB these|DT will|MD be|VB assembled|VBN ,|, but|CC also|RB of|IN how|WRB the|DT hundreds|NNS of|IN parts|NNS of|IN the|DT building|NN are|VBP to|TO be|VB designed|VBN :|: from|IN the|DT door|NN frames|NNS and|CC the|DT window|NN sills|NNS to|TO the|DT railings|NNS and|CC the|DT baseboards|NNS .|. 

The|DT function|NN of|IN a|DT baseboard|NN is|VBZ to|TO cover|VB the|DT joint|NN between|IN the|DT wall|NN and|CC the|DT floor|NN ,|, and|CC secondarily|RB to|TO protect|VB the|DT wall|NN from|IN scuffing|VBG .|. 
There|EX are|VBP dozens|NNS of|IN ways|NNS that|IN this|DT can|MD be|VB done|VBN .|. 
Baseboards|NNP can|MD be|VB prominent|JJ or|CC discreet|JJ ,|, a|DT complicated|JJ assembly|NN of|IN board|NN ,|, cap|NN and|CC base|NN ,|, or|CC a|DT simple|JJ strip|NN of|IN hardwood|NN .|. 
Or|CC nothing—many|NN modern|JJ architects|NNS dispense|VBP with|IN baseboards|NNS altogether|RB .|. 
The|DT baseboards|NNS in|IN my|PRP$ living|VBG room|NN are|VBP twelve|CD inches|NNS tall|JJ .|. 
They|PRP are|VBP not|RB wood|NN but|CC cast|NN iron|NN ,|, since|IN they|PRP are|VBP really|RB disguised|VBN radiators|NNS .|. 
My|PRP$ house|NN was|VBD built|VBN in|IN 1908|CD ,|, influenced|VBN by|IN the|DT British|NNP Free|NNP Style|NN of|IN Voysey|NNP and|CC Baillie|NNP Scott|NNP ,|, and|CC to|TO further|VB preserve|VB a|DT simple|JJ ,|, rustic|JJ atmosphere|NN the|DT architect|NN had|VBD the|DT baseboards|NNS /|NN radiators|NNS painted|VBN to|TO resemble|VB wood|NN .|. 

Railings|NNP have|VBP a|DT simple|JJ function—they|NN must|MD be|VB sturdy|JJ enough|RB to|TO support|VB us|PRP if|IN we|PRP lean|JJ on|IN them|PRP ,|, and|CC they|PRP must|MD provide|VB a|DT secure|JJ hand-hold|JJ :|: if|IN railings|NNS are|VBP open|JJ ,|, the|DT spaces|NNS between|IN the|DT supports|NNS and|CC the|DT rails|NNS should|MD be|VB small|JJ enough|RB to|TO prevent|VB children|NNS from|IN falling|VBG through|IN .|. 
Classical|NNP railings|NNS ,|, developed|VBN during|IN the|DT Renaissance|NNP ,|, consist|VBP of|IN balusters|NNS supporting|VBG a|DT handrail|NN 
.|. Balusters—little|NNP columns—can|NN have|VBP a|DT single|JJ or|CC a|DT double|JJ swelling|VBG curve|NN ,|, or|CC a|DT vase|NN shape|NN .|. 
Fabricated|NNP in|IN wood|NN or|CC masonry|NN ,|, they|PRP can|MD be|VB round|NN or|CC square|JJ in|IN cross-section|NN ,|, and|CC plain|JJ or|CC highly|RB ornamented|JJ .|. 
Railings|NNP can|MD be|VB replaced|VBN by|IN parapets|NNS with|IN pierced|JJ screens|NNS .|. 
These|DT can|MD be|VB stone|NN or|CC metal|NN :|: bronze|NN ,|, wrought|VBD ,|, or|CC cast|NN iron|NN .|. 
The|DT screens|NNS can|MD be|VB simple|JJ X|JJ -|: shapes|VBZ ,|, intertwining|VBG geometrical|JJ patterns|NNS ,|, or|CC complicated|VBD floral|JJ figures|NNS as|IN in|IN Art|NNP Nouveau|NNP staircases|NNS .|. 
Perhaps|RB the|DT simplest|JJS open|JJ railings|NNS are|VBP those|DT of|IN the|DT great|JJ Adirondack|NNP camps|NNS ,|, whose|WP$ builders|NNS mimicked|JJ X|JJ -|: shaped|VBN wrought-iron|JJ railings|NNS in|IN unpeeled|JJ rustic|JJ tree|NN trunks|NNS .|. 

Modern|NNP railings|NNS are|VBP usually|RB metal|NN .|. 
In|IN his|PRP$ early|JJ villas|NNS ,|, Le|NNP Corbusier|NNP used|VBD white-painted|JJ pipe|NN railings|NNS to|TO create|VB a|DT nautical|JJ image|NN ;|: in|IN later|JJ buildings|NNS like|IN the|DT Carpenter|NNP Center|NNP for|IN the|DT Visual|NNP Arts|NNP at|IN Harvard|NNP ,|, flat|JJ steel|NN bars|NNS take|VBP the|DT place|NN of|IN pipes|NNS .|. 
The|DT railings|NNS in|IN Mies|NNP van|NN der|NNP Rohe|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ buildings|NNS usually|RB have|VBP only|RB a|DT single|JJ intermediate|JJ rail|NN ,|, located|VBN precisely|RB halfway|RB between|IN the|DT handrail|NN and|CC the|DT floor|NN ;|: the|DT vertical|JJ stanchions|NNS ,|, the|DT handrail|NN ,|, and|CC the|DT rail|NN are|VBP made|VBN of|IN identical|JJ square|JJ steel|NN bars|NNS .|. 
The|DT railings|NNS in|IN Louis|NNP Kahn|NNP buildings|NNS tend|VBP to|TO be|VB parapets|NNS ,|, but|CC where|WRB he|PRP is|VBZ obliged|VBN to|TO use|VB an|DT open|JJ railing|NN the|DT design|NN is|VBZ as|RB simple|JJ as|IN possible|JJ .|. 
I|PRP have|VBP seen|VBN a|DT short|JJ stair|NN railing|NN that|WDT consisted|VBD of|IN a|DT single|JJ bronze|NN bar|NN ,|, bent|NN at|IN each|DT end|NN to|TO form|VB the|DT uprights|NNS .|. 
Richard|NNP Meier|NNP uses|VBZ metal|NN railings|NNS ,|, too|RB ,|, but|CC because|IN there|EX are|VBP sometimes|RB as|RB many|JJ as|IN six|CD horizontal|NN rails|NNS ,|, the|DT visual|JJ effect|NN is|VBZ more|JJR pronounced—they|NN resemble|VB staffs|NNS in|IN sheet|NN music|NN .|. 

When|WRB Brutalism|NNP was|VBD in|IN fashion|NN ,|, railings|NNS were|VBD correspondingly|RB heavy|JJ :|: concrete|JJ beams|VBZ ,|, wide|JJ enough|RB to|TO sit|VB on|IN but|CC unpleasant|JJ to|TO the|DT touch|NN ,|, or|CC massive|JJ wood|NN balustrades|NNS ,|, as|RB solid|JJ as|IN fenders|NNS on|IN a|DT truck|NN dock|NN .|. 
The|DT vogue|NN among|IN many|JJ younger|JJR architects|NNS today|NN is|VBZ toward|IN lightness|NNS and|CC exposed|VBN construction|NN ,|, and|CC railings|NNS reflect|VBP that|DT fashion|NN ,|, too|RB .|. 
The|DT screens|NNS of|IN the|DT railings|NNS of|IN Peter|NNP Rose|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Canadian|NNP Center|NNP for|IN Architecture|NNP in|IN Montreal|NNP are|VBP industrial-looking|JJ perforated|JJ sheets|NNS of|IN anodized|JJ aluminum|NN ,|, prominently|RB bolted|VBN to|TO the|DT stanchions|NNS .|. 
Bernard|NNP Tschumi|NNP substitutes|NNS steel|NN cables|NNS (|( complete|JJ with|IN turnbuckles|NNS )|) for|IN the|DT intermediate|JJ horizontal|NN rails|NNS of|IN the|DT ramp|NN railings|NNS of|IN Lerner|NNP Hall|NNP at|IN Columbia|NNP University|NNP ,|, another|DT nautical|JJ reference|NN ,|, but|CC to|TO a|DT yacht|NN rather|RB than|IN a|DT steamship|NN .|. These|DT solutions|NNS appear|VBP mannered|JJ compared|VBN to|TO the|DT simple|JJ railing|NN that|IN I.|NN M.|NN Pei|NNP designed|VBD for|IN the|DT East|NNP Building|NNP of|IN the|DT National|NNP Gallery|NNP .|. 
The|DT stainless|JJ steel|NN handrail|NN highlights|VBZ the|DT solidity|NN of|IN the|DT rose-colored|JJ Tennessee|NNP marble|NN by|IN appearing|VBG to|TO float|VB in|IN mid-air|JJ ,|, since|IN it|PRP is|VBZ supported|VBN by|IN continuous|JJ sheets|NNS of|IN tempered|VBN glass|NN embedded|VBN in|IN the|DT floor|NN .|. 

The|DT transparent|JJ railings|NNS of|IN I.|NN M.|NN Pei|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ East|NNP Building|NNP are|VBP understated|VBN ,|, elegant|JJ ,|, and|CC luxurious—like|NN the|DT building|NN .|. “|NN Beauty|NN will|MD result|VB from|IN the|DT form|NN and|CC correspondence|NN of|IN the|DT whole|NN with|IN respect|NN to|TO the|DT several|JJ parts|NNS ,|, ”|NN taught|VBD Palladio|NNP ,|, “|NN of|IN the|DT parts|NNS with|IN regard|NN to|TO each|DT other|JJ ,|, and|CC of|IN these|DT again|RB to|TO the|DT whole|NN .|. ”|NN 
8|CD The|DT successful|JJ relationship|NN of|IN the|DT details|NNS to|TO each|DT other|JJ ,|, and|CC to|TO the|DT building|NN is|VBZ governed|VBN by|IN the|DT architect|NN ’|NN s|VBZ sense|NN of|IN style|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ why|WRB the|DT architect|NN of|IN my|PRP$ house|NN painted|VBD the|DT radiators|NNS to|TO resemble|VB wood|NN ;|: a|DT technologically|RB inclined|VBN architect|NN might|MD have|VB painted|VBN them|PRP silver|NN ;|: a|DT minimalist|NN would|MD dispense|VB with|IN baseboards|NNS and|CC hide|VB the|DT radiators|NNS in|IN the|DT wall|NN .|. 
The|DT role|NN of|IN details|NNS is|VBZ not|RB to|TO complement|VB architecture|NN ;|: details|NNS are|VBP architecture|NN .|. 
“|NN The|DT aesthetic|JJ understanding|NN [|NN of|IN architecture|NN ]|NN ,|, ”|NN writes|VBZ Roger|NNP Scruton|NNP ,|, “|NN is|VBZ inseparable|JJ from|IN a|DT sense|NN of|IN detail|NN .|. ”|NN 
9|CD Mies|NNP van|NN der|NNP Rohe|NNP is|VBZ supposed|VBN to|TO have|VB said|VBN “|NN God|NNP is|VBZ in|IN the|DT details|NNS .|. ”|NN *|NN 
He|PRP did|VBD not|RB mean|VB that|IN details|NNS are|VBP functionally|RB important|JJ (|( although|IN they|PRP are|VBP )|) ,|, or|CC that|IN good|JJ details|NNS prolong|VB the|DT life|NN of|IN a|DT building|NN (|( although|IN they|PRP do|VBP )|) .|. 
He|PRP meant|VBD that|IN details|NNS are|VBP the|DT soul|NN of|IN architecture|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ why|WRB ,|, just|RB as|IN an|DT archaeologist|NN can|MD reconstruct|VB a|DT pot|NN from|IN a|DT few|JJ shards|NNS ,|, or|CC a|DT paleontologist|NN can|MD surmise|NN the|DT form|NN of|IN a|DT prehistoric|JJ animal|NN from|IN bone|NN fragments|NNS ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ possible|JJ to|TO divine|NN the|DT architect|NN ’|NN s|VBZ idea|NN of|IN a|DT building|NN by|IN examining|VBG its|PRP$ details|NNS .|. 

The|DT house|NN that|IN Robert|NNP Venturi|NNP built|VBD for|IN his|PRP$ mother|NN in|IN 1964|CD shook|VBD the|DT foundations|NNS of|IN the|DT International|NNP Style|NN ;|: much|JJ of|IN this|DT effect|NN was|VBD the|DT result|NN of|IN details|NNS .|. 
Although|IN Venturi|NNP obviously|RB was|VBD working|VBG in|IN a|DT Modernist|NNP idiom—there|NN is|VBZ a|DT strip|NN window|NN and|CC a|DT steel-pipe|JJ railing—he|NN also|RB incorporated|VBD distinctly|RB un-|NN Modernist|NNP features|NNS such|JJ as|IN trim|VB ,|, both|DT inside|IN and|CC out|RP .|. 
Classical|NNP architects|NNS use|VBP a|DT large|JJ variety|NN of|IN moldings—fillet|NN ,|, astragal|NN ,|, egg|NN and|CC dart|NN ,|, ogee—that|NN can|MD be|VB combined|VBN and|CC recombined|JJ to|TO great|JJ decorative|JJ effect|NN .|. 
The|DT International|NNP Style|NN ,|, in|IN its|PRP$ effort|NN to|TO do|VB away|RB with|IN ornament|NN ,|, outlawed|VBN trim|VB .|. 
Walls|NNP were|VBD flat|JJ planes|NNS .|. 
Windows|NNP had|VBD no|DT frames|NNS .|. 
Joints|NNP between|IN materials|NNS were|VBD simply|RB hairline|NN cracks|NNS .|. 
The|DT conspicuous|JJ exterior|NN dado|NN ,|, the|DT baseboards|NNS ,|, and|CC the|DT chair-rails|JJ in|IN the|DT Vanna|NNP Venturi|NNP House|NNP were|VBD hardly|RB Classical|NNP moldings—they|NN were|VBD merely|RB boards|NNS with|IN chamfered|JJ edges—yet|NN they|PRP challenged|VBD the|DT assumption|NN that|WDT trim|VB and|CC Modernism|NNP were|VBD incompatible|JJ .|. 

Coming|VBG through|IN the|DT front|JJ door|NN of|IN the|DT Vanna|NNP Venturi|NNP House|NNP one|CD immediately|RB senses|NNS that|IN it|PRP is|VBZ an|DT unusual|JJ place|NN .|. 
A|DT broad|JJ stair|NN rises|VBZ beside|IN the|DT fireplace|NN ,|, then|RB peters|NNS out|IN to|TO almost|RB nothing|NN .|. 
The|DT fireplace|NN looks|VBZ like|IN an|DT abstract|JJ sculpture|NN ,|, but|CC it|PRP has|VBZ a|DT traditional|JJ mantelpiece|NN .|. 
A|DT free-standing|JJ column|NN à|NN la|FW Corbusier|NNP stands|VBZ beside|IN a|DT chair-rail|JJ .|. 
Then|RB there|EX is|VBZ the|DT furniture|NN .|. 
Ever|RB since|IN the|DT Tugendhat|NNP House—for|NNP which|WDT Mies|NNP had|VBD designed|VBN the|DT furniture—it|NN was|VBD taken|VBN for|IN granted|VBN that|IN modern|JJ houses|NNS required|VBD modern|JJ furniture|NN .|. 
Venturi|NNP has|VBZ explained|VBN that|DT “|NN I|PRP designed|VBD the|DT house|NN so|RB my|PRP$ mother|NN ’|NN s|VBZ old|JJ furniture|NN (|( c|SYM .|. 1925|CD ,|, plus|CC some|DT antiques|NNS )|) would|MD look|VB good|JJ in|IN it|PRP .|. ”|NN 
10|CD Instead|RB of|IN the|DT iconic|JJ bent-tube|JJ Breuer|NNP chairs|NNS ,|, there|EX are|VBP homely|RB ladderback|NN chairs|NNS around|IN the|DT dining|NN table|NN ;|: instead|RB of|IN an|DT Eames|NNP lounge|NN chair|NN and|CC ottoman|NN ,|, a|DT comfortable|JJ stuffed|VBN sofa|NN .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ a|DT contradictory|JJ atmosphere—the|NN International|NNP Style|NN willfully|RB distorted|JJ through|IN the|DT lens|NN of|IN traditional|JJ bourgeois|NNS domesticity|NN .|. 

Whether|IN one|CD is|VBZ looking|VBG up|RP at|IN the|DT tall|JJ dome|NN of|IN the|DT Pantheon|NNP ,|, descending|VBG the|DT spiraling|VBG vortex|NN of|IN Wright|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Guggenheim|NNP Museum|NNP ,|, or|CC standing|NN in|IN the|DT living|VBG room|NN of|IN Venturi|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ small|JJ house|NN ,|, the|DT experience|NN of|IN architecture|NN is|VBZ above|IN all|PDT the|DT experience|NN of|IN being|VBG in|IN a|DT separate|JJ ,|, distinct|JJ world|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ what|WP distinguishes|NNS architecture|NN from|IN sculpture—it|NN is|VBZ not|RB an|DT object|VB but|CC a|DT place|NN .|. 
The|DT sense|NN of|IN being|VBG in|IN a|DT special|JJ place|NN that|WDT is|VBZ a|DT three-dimensional|JJ expression|NN of|IN the|DT architect|NN ’|NN s|VBZ imagination|NN is|VBZ one|CD of|IN the|DT distinctive|JJ pleasures|NNS of|IN architecture|NN .|. 
To|TO create|VB a|DT strong|JJ sense|NN of|IN place|NN ,|, the|DT surroundings|NNS must|MD be|VB all|DT of|IN a|DT piece|NN ;|: space|NN ,|, mass|NN ,|, shapes|VBZ ,|, and|CC materials|NNS must|MD reflect|VB the|DT same|JJ sensibility|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ why|WRB details|NNS are|VBP so|RB important|JJ .|. 
A|DT jarring|JJ detail|NN or|CC an|DT inconsistency—something|VBG “|NN out|IN of|IN place|NN ”|NN —|NN and|CC the|DT fantasy|NN begins|VBZ to|TO crumble|VB .|. 
Yes|UH ,|, fantasy|NN .|. 
Illusion|NNP has|VBZ been|VBN a|DT part|NN of|IN architecture|NN ever|RB since|IN the|DT ancient|JJ Greeks|NNPS made|VBD columns|NNS with|IN a|DT gently|RB swelling|VBG taper|VB to|TO deceive|VB the|DT eye|NN .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ not|RB to|TO say|VB that|DT architecture|NN is|VBZ stage|NN décor|NN .|. 
When|WRB the|DT wind|NN blows|NNS ,|, the|DT canvas|NN scenery|NN blows|NNS over|IN ;|: the|DT building|NN resists|VBZ the|DT elements|NNS .|. 
Architecture|NNP surrounds|NNS and|CC shelters|NNS us|PRP .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ the|DT real|JJ world|NN but|CC it|PRP is|VBZ also|RB a|DT vision|NN .|. 

•••|NN 
The|DT Postmodern|NNP movement|NN that|WDT followed|VBD the|DT Vanna|NNP Venturi|NNP House|NNP was|VBD relatively|RB short-lived|JJ but|CC it|PRP had|VBD an|DT important|JJ consequence|NN :|: it|PRP broke|VBD the|DT stranglehold|NN of|IN Modernism|NNP ,|, leaving|VBG designers|NNS free|JJ to|TO explore|VB other|JJ forms|NNS of|IN expression|NN .|. 
The|DT profusion|NN of|IN styles|NNS that|WDT ensued|VBD is|VBZ demonstrated|VBN by|IN the|DT work|NN of|IN three|CD gifted|JJ but|CC vastly|RB different|JJ architects|NNS ,|, Allan|NNP Greenberg|NNP ,|, Hugh|NNP Newell|NNP Jacobsen|NNP ,|, and|CC Enrique|NNP Norten|NNP .|. 

Allan|NNP Greenberg|NNP is|VBZ a|DT confirmed|VBN Classicist|NNP .|. 
He|PRP does|VBZ not|RB consider|VB this|DT an|DT anomaly|RB .|. “|NN To|TO be|VB truly|RB modern|JJ ,|, ”|NN he|PRP writes|VBZ ,|, “|NN means|VBZ finding|VBG the|DT dynamic|JJ balance|NN between|IN eternal|JJ human|JJ values|NNS and|CC the|DT specific|JJ demands|NNS of|IN the|DT present|NN .|. 
Classical|NNP architecture|NN provides|VBZ the|DT means|NNS to|TO achieve|VB this|DT balance|NN because|IN it|PRP is|VBZ the|DT most|RBS comprehensive|JJ architectural|JJ language|NN that|IN human|JJ beings|NNS have|VBP yet|RB developed|VBN .|. 
”|NN 11|CD Although|IN Greenberg|NNP looks|VBZ to|TO the|DT past|NN ,|, his|PRP$ is|VBZ not|RB the|DT attitude|NN of|IN an|DT archeologist|NN .|. 
Like|IN Carrère|NNP &|CC Hastings|NNP ,|, and|CC generations|NNS of|IN architects|NNS before|IN them|PRP ,|, Greenberg|NNP approaches|NNS Classicism|NNP as|IN a|DT tradition|NN to|TO be|VB studied|VBN ,|, absorbed—then|NN extended|VBN .|. 

Early|RB in|IN his|PRP$ career|NN ,|, after|IN emigrating|VBG to|TO the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS from|IN South|NNP Africa|NNP ,|, Greenberg|NNP was|VBD employed|VBN writing|VBG design|NN standards|NNS for|IN courthouses|NNS ,|, which|WDT led|VBD to|TO an|DT unusual|JJ commission|NN :|: the|DT conversion|NN of|IN an|DT empty|JJ supermarket|NN into|IN a|DT courthouse|NN .|. 
He|PRP gave|VBD the|DT commercial|JJ building|NN in|IN Manchester|NNP ,|, Connecticut|NNP ,|, a|DT new|JJ façade|NN dominated|VBN by|IN a|DT large|JJ arch|NN ,|, over-scaled|JJ voussoirs|NNS ,|, and|CC a|DT pediment|NN .|. 
Inside|IN ,|, the|DT barrel-vaulted|JJ ceiling|NN of|IN the|DT lobby|NN was|VBD supported|VBN by|IN a|DT Tuscan|NNP order|NN .|. 
Greenberg|NNP had|VBD graduated|VBN from|IN Yale|NNP in|IN 1965|CD ,|, and|CC like|IN many|JJ of|IN his|PRP$ contemporaries|NNS was|VBD experimenting|VBG with|IN the|DT new|JJ freedom|NN offered|VBN by|IN Postmodernism|NNP .|. 
However|RB ,|, unlike|IN Venturi|NNP and|CC Moore|NNP ,|, Greenberg|NNP was|VBD not|RB coyly|RB introducing|VBG Classical|NNP elements|NNS into|IN a|DT Modernist|NNP building|NN ;|: he|PRP was|VBD returning|VBG to|TO Classical|NNP roots|NNS .|. 
From|IN this|DT modest|JJ beginning|NN ,|, over|IN the|DT next|JJ two|CD decades|NNS ,|, came|VBD a|DT variety|NN of|IN commissions|NNS :|: a|DT suite|NN of|IN rooms|NNS for|IN the|DT Secretary|NNP of|IN State|NNP in|IN the|DT United|NNP States|NNP Department|NNP of|IN State|NNP building|NN ,|, several|JJ college|NN and|CC university|NN buildings|NNS ,|, and|CC a|DT Roman|NNP Catholic|NNP church|NN .|. 
His|PRP$ commercial|JJ work|NN included|VBD a|DT newspaper|NN office|NN building|NN in|IN Athens|NNP ,|, Georgia|NNP ,|, a|DT new|JJ entrance|NN for|IN Bergdorf|NNP Goodman|NNP on|IN Fifth|NNP Avenue|NNP in|IN Manhattan|NNP ,|, and|CC a|DT flagship|NN store|NN for|IN Tommy|NNP Hilfiger|NNP in|IN Beverly|NNP Hills|NNP .|. 
Greenberg|NNP is|VBZ also|RB known|VBN for|IN large|JJ country|NN houses|NNS ,|, both|DT in|IN the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS and|CC in|IN Europe|NNP .|. 
Like|IN Lutyens|NNP and|CC John|NNP Russell|NNP Pope|NNP ,|, he|PRP ventures|NNS stylistically|RB farther|RBR afield|RB in|IN his|PRP$ residential|JJ work—using|VBG Georgian|JJ and|CC American|NNP Colonial|NNP styles|NNS 
.|. One|CD of|IN his|PRP$ early|JJ houses|NNS was|VBD inspired|VBN by|IN Mount|NNP Vernon|NNP ,|, another|DT by|IN Palladio|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ unfinished|JJ Villa|NNP Thiene|NNP .|. 
Several|JJ are|VBP picturesque|NN rambling|VBG affairs|NNS whose|WP$ relaxed|VBN informality|NN recalls|VBZ the|DT best|JJS work|NN of|IN McKim|NNP ,|, Mead|NNP &|CC White|NNP .|. 

One|CD of|IN my|PRP$ favorite|JJ Greenberg|NNP houses|NNS is|VBZ a|DT cottage|NN set|VBN among|IN windblown|NN dunes|NNS on|IN the|DT eastern|JJ seaboard|NN .|. 
Completed|NNP in|IN 1992|CD ,|, the|DT low-lying|JJ building|NN is|VBZ shingled|JJ ,|, but|CC it|PRP is|VBZ not|RB exactly|RB Shingle|NNP Style|NN .|. 
Recent|JJ Shingle|NNP Style|NN buildings|NNS are|VBP often|RB broken|VBN down|RB into|IN many|JJ small|JJ parts|NNS ,|, giving|VBG them|PRP a|DT fussy|NN and|CC nervous|JJ appearance|NN .|. 
Such|JJ seaside|NN cottages|NNS look|VBP as|IN if|IN a|DT good|JJ wind|NN could|MD blow|VB them|PRP away|RB .|. 
Greenberg|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ aim|NN here|RB is|VBZ to|TO make|VB a|DT heavyweight|JJ building|NN of|IN great|JJ solidity|NN that|WDT is|VBZ rooted|VBN firmly|RB in|IN the|DT dune|NN scrub|NN .|. 
The|DT one-story|JJ Atlantic|NNP façade|NN is|VBZ almost|RB perfectly|RB symmetrical|JJ :|: a|DT large|JJ arched|JJ window|NN flanked|JJ by|IN two|CD semi-circular|JJ bays|NNS ,|, rotund|NN sentinels|NNS standing|VBG against|IN the|DT ocean|NN winds|NNS .|. 
The|DT two-story|JJ landward|NN side|NN is|VBZ more|RBR informal|JJ ,|, ringed|JJ by|IN a|DT sheltered|JJ porch|NN .|. Massivity|NNP informs|VBZ the|DT details|NNS :|: sturdy|JJ Tuscan|NNP columns|NNS ,|, a|DT heavy|JJ cornice|NN at|IN the|DT eaves|NNS of|IN the|DT large|JJ roof|NN ,|, rugged|JJ window|NN frames|NNS .|. 
The|DT sense|NN of|IN robustness|NNS is|VBZ accentuated|JJ by|IN occasional|JJ delicacy|NN :|: the|DT arched|JJ window|NN incorporates|VBZ scrolled|JJ brackets|NNS that|WDT support|NN an|DT elegant|JJ reverse|NN ogee|NN molding|NN at|IN the|DT eaves|NNS .|. 
Inside|IN ,|, the|DT fireplace|NN has|VBZ a|DT brick|NN hearth|NN ,|, a|DT slate|NN lintel|NN ,|, and|CC a|DT wood|NN surround|VBP ,|, whose|WP$ almost|RB modern|JJ simplicity|NN is|VBZ softened|VBN by|IN a|DT cavetto|NN molding|NN beneath|IN the|DT mantelpiece|NN .|. 
The|DT ceiling|NN is|VBZ supported|VBN by|IN exposed|VBN trusses|NNS of|IN rough|JJ ,|, reused|VBN timbers|NNS .|. 
Although|IN most|JJS people|NNS would|MD describe|VB this|DT house|NN as|IN “|NN traditional|JJ ,|, ”|NN this|DT is|VBZ not|RB an|DT exercise|NN in|IN a|DT particular|JJ historical|JJ style|NN .|. 
There|EX is|VBZ a|DT nod|NN here|RB to|TO the|DT British|NNP Arts|NNP and|CC Crafts|NNP architect|NN C.|NN F.|NN A.|NN Voysey|NNP ,|, and|CC it|PRP is|VBZ obvious|JJ that|IN Greenberg|NNP has|VBZ looked|VBN at|IN Lutyens|NNP ’|NN country|NN houses|NNS .|. 
But|CC this|DT is|VBZ a|DT modern|JJ house|NN ,|, although|IN designed|VBN by|IN an|DT architect|NN with|IN a|DT Classical|NNP sensibility|NN .|. 
It|PRP admirably|RB fulfills|VBZ Palladio|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ call|NN for|IN a|DT correspondence|NN of|IN the|DT whole|NN with|IN the|DT parts|NNS and|CC the|DT parts|NNS with|IN the|DT whole|NN .|. 

Hugh|NNP Newell|NNP Jacobsen|NNP studied|VBD at|IN Yale|NNP under|IN Louis|NNP Kahn|NNP ,|, worked|VBD for|IN Philip|NNP Johnson|NNP ,|, and|CC opened|VBD his|PRP$ own|JJ office|NN in|IN 1958|CD .|. 
He|PRP established|VBD himself|PRP as|IN a|DT premier|NN residential|JJ architect|NN ,|, winning|VBG commissions|NNS in|IN the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS and|CC abroad|RB and|CC receiving|VBG numerous|JJ design|NN awards|NNS .|. 
Several|JJ of|IN the|DT awards|NNS were|VBD for|IN restoration|NN of|IN historic|JJ buildings|NNS ,|, notably|RB the|DT Renwick|NNP Gallery|NNP in|IN Washington|NNP ,|, D.C.|NN ,|, and|CC the|DT Hôtel|NNP Talleyrand|NNP in|IN Paris|NNP .|. A|DT Modernist|NNP by|IN training|VBG and|CC inclination|NN ,|, Jacobsen|NNP was|VBD ,|, nevertheless|RB ,|, affected|VBN by|IN the|DT winds|NNS of|IN change|NN unleashed|VBN by|IN Venturi|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ little|JJ house|NN .|. 
Starting|VBG in|IN 1980|CD ,|, he|PRP evolved|VBD a|DT hybrid|JJ style|NN in|IN which|WDT American|JJ regional|JJ forms|NNS and|CC materials|NNS are|VBP combined|VBN with|IN International|NNP Style|NN precision|NN ,|, spareness|NNS ,|, and|CC simplicity|NN 
.|. A|DT house|NN on|IN Nantucket|NNP in|IN shingles|NNS and|CC white|JJ trim|VB looks|VBZ vernacular|NN until|IN one|CD notices|NNS the|DT careful|JJ proportions|NNS and|CC refined|VBN ,|, elegant|JJ details|NNS such|JJ as|IN tall|JJ French|JJ doors|NNS in|IN the|DT living|VBG room|NN that|DT slide|NN into|IN wall|NN pockets|NNS that|WDT also|RB conceal|VB shutters|NNS and|CC screen|NN doors|NNS .|. 
A|DT post-and-beam|JJ Caribbean|NNP guest|NN house|NN with|IN broad|JJ overhangs|NNS has|VBZ the|DT ingenuous|JJ simplicity|NN of|IN a|DT beach|NN shack|NN .|. 
The|DT Palladian|NNP plan|NN and|CC temple-like|JJ pavilions|NNS of|IN an|DT Ohio|NNP residence|NN pay|NN homage|NN to|TO the|DT local|JJ Greek|NNP Revival|NNP .|. 
An|DT Ohio|NNP country|NN house|NN recalls|VBZ a|DT board-and-batten|JJ Gothic|NNP Revival|NNP farmhouse|NN .|. 
“|NN I|PRP endeavor|NN to|TO design|VB buildings|NNS that|WDT express|VBP a|DT sense|NN of|IN belonging|VBG ,|, ”|NN Jacobsen|NNP says|VBZ ,|, “|NN buildings|NNS that|WDT reflect|VBP or|CC abstract|JJ the|DT nearby|JJ architecture|NN and|CC the|DT traditions|NNS dictated|VBN by|IN the|DT climate|NN and|CC local|JJ materials|NNS .|. 
”|NN 12|CD 
The|DT Palmedo|NNP House|NNP ,|, built|VBN in|IN 1988|CD ,|, reinterprets|NNS the|DT American|NNP Colonial|NNP architecture|NN of|IN its|PRP$ location—|NN Long|NNP Island|NNP .|. 
At|IN first|JJ glance|NN ,|, the|DT six|CD pavilions|NNS resemble|VBP a|DT little|JJ village|NN ,|, a|DT little|JJ Amish|NNP village|NN ,|, judging|VBG from|IN the|DT austere|JJ white|JJ wood|NN siding|NN ,|, the|DT prim|JJ details|NNS ,|, and|CC the|DT identical|JJ pitched|VBN roofs|NNS .|. 
Each|DT pavilion|NN is|VBZ a|DT perfect|JJ little|JJ “|NN house|NN ”|NN with|IN identical|JJ square|JJ and|CC vertical|JJ multi-paned|JJ windows|NNS (|( that|IN open|JJ by|IN sliding|VBG into|IN cunning|JJ wall|NN pockets|NNS )|) .|. 
This|DT sounds|VBZ precious|JJ ,|, but|CC Jacobsen|NNP is|VBZ not|RB a|DT romantic|JJ .|. 
The|DT central|JJ “|NN house|NN ”|NN contains|VBZ the|DT living|VBG room|NN ,|, a|DT three-story|JJ space|NN open|JJ to|TO the|DT roof|NN .|. 
Although|IN the|DT multi-paned|JJ windows|NNS are|VBP present|JJ at|IN an|DT upper|JJ level|NN of|IN the|DT wall|NN ,|, the|DT corner|NN of|IN the|DT room|NN is|VBZ glazed|JJ with|IN large|JJ ,|, mullionless|JJ sheets|NNS of|IN plate|NN glass|NN ,|, offering|VBG dramatic|JJ views|NNS of|IN Long|NNP Island|NNP Sound|NNP .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ an|DT International|NNP Style|NN device|NN ,|, as|IN is|VBZ the|DT economy|NN of|IN detail|NN and|CC the|DT clean|VB ,|, cool|VB ,|, atmosphere|NN of|IN the|DT interior|NN .|. 
On|IN the|DT other|JJ hand|NN ,|, the|DT fireplace|NN ,|, which|WDT in|IN an|DT orthodox|JJ International|NNP Style|NN house|NN would|MD be|VB painted|VBN brick|NN or|CC bush-hammered|JJ concrete|NN ,|, is|VBZ decorously|RB built|VBN into|IN the|DT wall|NN ,|, which|WDT gives|VBZ the|DT room|NN a|DT traditional|JJ ,|, civilized|JJ air|NN .|. 
The|DT chief|JJ idea|NN here|RB is|VBZ to|TO highlight|VB the|DT tension|NN between|IN old|JJ and|CC new|JJ ,|, between|IN the|DT traditional|JJ clapboarded|JJ architecture|NN and|CC the|DT demands|NNS of|IN modern|JJ life|NN .|. 
Whereas|IN Greenberg|NNP seamlessly|RB resolves|NNS this|DT tension|NN ,|, Jacobsen|NNP allows|VBZ it|PRP to|TO surface|VB .|. If|IN this|DT sounds|VBZ like|IN textbook|NN Postmodernism|NNP ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ not|RB .|. Jacobsen|NNP artlessly|RB combines|VBZ new|JJ and|CC old|JJ without|IN the|DT slightest|JJS hint|NN of|IN irony|NN .|. 

Jacobsen|NNP reacts|VBZ to|TO the|DT collapse|NN of|IN Modernism|NNP by|IN seeking|VBG a|DT compromise|NN position|NN ,|, while|IN Greenberg|NNP anchors|NNS himself|PRP in|IN the|DT certainties|NNS of|IN Classicism|NNP .|. 
Enrique|NNP Norten|NNP ,|, the|DT youngest|JJS of|IN the|DT three|CD ,|, takes|VBZ a|DT different|JJ course—he|NN is|VBZ trying|VBG to|TO put|VB Modernism|NNP back|RB together|RB again|RB .|. 
Norten|NNP ,|, who|WP studied|VBD at|IN Cornell|NNP ,|, established|VBD his|PRP$ office|NN in|IN his|PRP$ native|JJ Mexico|NNP City|NNP in|IN 1985|CD .|. 
In|IN a|DT relatively|RB short|JJ time|NN he|PRP produced|VBD an|DT impressive|JJ body|NN of|IN work|NN that|WDT includes|VBZ institutional|JJ ,|, commercial|JJ ,|, and|CC residential|JJ buildings|NNS .|. 
His|PRP$ major|JJ projects|NNS are|VBP a|DT services|NNS building|VBG for|IN the|DT media|NNS giant|NN TELEVISA|NNP and|CC the|DT National|NNP School|NNP of|IN Theater|NNP .|. 
Both|DT incorporate|VB bulging|VBG ,|, metal|NN shell-roofs|JJ that|WDT recall|VBP the|DT 1950s|NN buildings|NNS of|IN the|DT French|JJ architect-engineer|JJ Jean|NNP Prouvé|NNP .|. 
Prouvé|NNP was|VBD intent|NN on|IN applying|VBG new|JJ methods|NNS of|IN construction|NN ,|, particularly|RB industrialization|NN and|CC prefabrication|NN .|. 
His|PRP$ buildings|NNS ,|, extremely|RB light|JJ and|CC assembled|VBN from|IN standardized|JJ elements|NNS ,|, were|VBD real|JJ “|NN machines|NNS for|IN living|VBG .|. ”|NN 
Norten|NNP ,|, too|RB ,|, is|VBZ preoccupied|VBN with|IN industrial|JJ building|NN technologies|NNS ,|, the|DT lighter|JJR the|DT better|JJR .|. 
Double-tensed|NNP glass|NN curtain|NN walls|NNS are|VBP mysteriously|RB supported|VBN by|IN a|DT steel-frame|JJ .|. Roofs|NNP hang|VB by|IN steel|NN cables|NNS from|IN steel|NN masts|NNS .|. 
Slender|NNP ,|, canted|JJ columns|NNS brace|VB a|DT glass-roofed|JJ portico|NN .|. 
Railings|NNP ,|, in|IN a|DT Norten|NNP design|NN ,|, are|VBP almost|RB always|RB opportunities|NNS for|IN structural|JJ legerdemain|NN :|: suspended|VBN sheets|NNS of|IN glass|NN ,|, stretched|VBN steel|NN cables|NNS ,|, perforated|JJ metal|NN screens|NNS .|. 

In|IN 1994|CD ,|, Norten|NNP built|VBD a|DT house|NN for|IN himself|PRP and|CC his|PRP$ family|NN on|IN a|DT tight|JJ urban|JJ site|NN in|IN Mexico|NNP City|NNP .|. 
The|DT three-story|JJ street|NN façade|NN is|VBZ mostly|RB a|DT blank|JJ concrete|JJ wall|NN ;|: the|DT wall|NN facing|VBG the|DT interior|JJ walled|JJ patio|NN is|VBZ entirely|RB glass|NN .|. 
The|DT main|JJ living|NN floor|NN is|VBZ open|JJ ,|, except|IN for|IN the|DT kitchen|NN ;|: the|DT upper|JJ bedroom|NN floor|NN is|VBZ shaded|JJ and|CC given|VBN privacy|NN by|IN a|DT redwood|NN ,|, louvered|JJ screen|NN .|. 
A|DT functionalist|NN style|NN pervades|NNS the|DT house|NN .|. 
The|DT clinical|JJ cabinetwork|NN is|VBZ white-painted|JJ wood|NN .|. 
A|DT concrete|JJ wall|NN in|IN the|DT dining|NN room|NN is|VBZ bare|JJ save|VB for|IN the|DT regular|JJ pattern|NN of|IN the|DT formwork|NN ties|NNS and|CC the|DT pour|VB lines|NNS marks|NNS .|. 
The|DT windows|NNS are|VBP large|JJ sections|NNS of|IN plate|NN glass|NN in|IN simple|JJ aluminum|NN frames|NNS ;|: a|DT 10|CD -|: foot|NN section|NN slides|NNS aside|RB to|TO entirely|RB open|VB the|DT dining|NN room|NN to|TO the|DT patio|NN .|. 
The|DT sliding|VBG wall|NN recalls|VBZ the|DT disappearing|VBG windows|NNS in|IN Mies|NNP van|NN der|NNP Rohe|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Tugendhat|NNP House|NNP ,|, but|CC the|DT resemblance|NN ends|VBZ here|RB .|. 
Mies|NNP ’|NN spare|JJ interior|NN is|VBZ opulent|JJ and|CC assertive|JJ ;|: Norten|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ is|VBZ austere|JJ ,|, almost|RB monastic|JJ :|: a|DT neutral|JJ background|NN for|IN family|NN life|NN .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ an|DT unsentimental|JJ idea|NN of|IN the|DT home|NN .|. 
Not|RB exactly|RB a|DT “|NN machine|NN for|IN living|VBG ,|, ”|NN but|CC certainly|RB machinelike|NN in|IN its|PRP$ precision|NN and|CC rational|JJ layout|NN .|. 

Like|IN Greenberg|NNP and|CC Jacobsen|NNP ,|, Norten|NNP reflects|VBZ on|IN the|DT past|NN .|. 
Although|IN his|PRP$ house|NN has|VBZ little|JJ to|TO do|VB formally|RB with|IN the|DT International|NNP Style|NN of|IN the|DT flat-roofed|JJ stucco|NN villas|NNS of|IN the|DT 1920|CD s—except|NN for|IN the|DT white-painted|JJ circular|JJ steel|NN columns—it|NN shares|NNS that|WDT period|NN ’|NN s|VBZ ambitions|NNS ;|: it|PRP is|VBZ highly|RB abstract|JJ ,|, idealistic|JJ ,|, technophile|NN ,|, and|CC lacking|VBG in|IN applied|VBN ornament|NN .|. 
Decoration|NNP results|NNS not|RB from|IN trim|VB ,|, but|CC from|IN the|DT surface|NN quality|NN of|IN the|DT different|JJ materials—concrete|NN ,|, red|JJ oak|NN flooring|NN ,|, etched|JJ glass—and|NN from|IN the|DT relentless|JJ articulation|NN of|IN structural|JJ connections|NNS .|. 
Norten|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ buildings|NNS exhibit|NN another|DT feature|NN of|IN the|DT International|NNP Style|NN :|: they|PRP are|VBP placeless|JJ .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ ,|, while|IN they|PRP carefully|RB respond|VBP to|TO the|DT specifics|NNS of|IN the|DT program|NN and|CC the|DT site|NN ,|, they|PRP do|VBP not|RB explicitly|RB acknowledge|VB their|PRP$ immediate|JJ regional|JJ context|NN .|. 
Whether|IN they|PRP are|VBP in|IN Mexico|NNP or|CC New|NNP Mexico—where|NNP Norten|NNP is|VBZ building|VBG a|DT heritage|NN center—the|NN style|NN is|VBZ the|DT same|JJ :|: understated|VBN ,|, coolly|RB competent|JJ ,|, cosmopolitan|JJ .|. 

Whether|IN one|CD prefers|VBZ the|DT work|NN of|IN Greenberg|NNP ,|, Jacobsen|NNP ,|, or|CC Norten|NNP is|VBZ a|DT matter|NN of|IN taste|NN (|( I|NN happen|VBP to|TO like|IN all|DT three|CD )|) .|. 
The|DT buildings|NNS are|VBP different|JJ ,|, yet|RB the|DT three|CD architects|NNS have|VBP something|NN in|IN common|NN .|. 
They|PRP are|VBP serious|JJ about|IN what|WP they|PRP are|VBP doing|VBG ,|, that|WDT is|VBZ ,|, their|PRP$ buildings|NNS exhibit|NN a|DT strong|JJ sense|NN of|IN conviction|NN .|. 
They|PRP pay|VBP enormous|JJ attention|NN to|TO details|NNS .|. 
They|PRP are|VBP disciplined|VBN ,|, but|CC they|PRP understand|VBP their|PRP$ self-imposed|JJ rules|NNS well|RB enough|RB to|TO occasionally|RB break|VB them|PRP .|. 
Moreover|RB ,|, while|IN their|PRP$ architecture|NN is|VBZ built|VBN with|IN a|DT great|JJ sense|NN of|IN style|NN ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ never|RB merely|RB stylized|JJ .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ because|IN in|IN their|PRP$ buildings|NNS ,|, style—the|NN manner|NN of|IN expression—is|NNS always|RB in|IN the|DT service|NN of|IN content—that|NN which|WDT is|VBZ being|VBG expressed|VBN .|. 
Style|NN without|IN content|NN quickly|RB degenerates|NNS into|IN caricature|VB ,|, like|IN a|DT speaker|NN who|WP makes|VBZ grand|JJ gestures|NNS and|CC rhetorical|JJ flourishes|NNS ,|, but|CC has|VBZ nothing|NN to|TO say|VB .|. 
The|DT buildings|NNS of|IN Greenberg|NNP ,|, Jacobsen|NNP ,|, and|CC Norten|NNP ,|, on|IN the|DT contrary|NN ,|, have|VBP a|DT great|JJ deal|NN to|TO tell|VB us|PRP about|IN our|PRP$ past|JJ ,|, our|PRP$ surroundings|NNS ,|, and|CC ourselves|PRP .|. 

Greenberg|NNP ,|, Jacobsen|NNP ,|, and|CC Norten|NNP do|VBP not|RB describe|VB what|WP they|PRP do|VBP in|IN terms|NNS of|IN style|NN .|. 
I|PRP think|VBP that|IN there|EX are|VBP a|DT number|NN of|IN reasons|NNS that|IN architects|NNS are|VBP uncomfortable|JJ talking|NN about|IN the|DT subject|NN .|. 
A|DT suspicion|NN of|IN style|NN is|VBZ a|DT heritage|NN of|IN the|DT Modern|NNP Movement|NNP ,|, which|WDT preached|JJ against|IN the|DT arbitrary|JJ dictates|VBZ of|IN style|NN and|CC fashion|NN ,|, while|IN maintaining|VBG an|DT unspoken|NN but|CC rigid|JJ stylistic|JJ consistency|NN .|. 
So|RB deep-rooted|JJ is|VBZ this|DT teaching|NN that|IN it|PRP remains|VBZ a|DT moral|JJ stricture|NN on|IN most|JJS architects|NNS ,|, whether|IN or|CC not|RB they|PRP are|VBP Modernists|NNP .|. 
Perhaps|RB another|DT reason|NN for|IN the|DT reluctance|NN to|TO discuss|VB style|NN is|VBZ fear|NN .|. 
Fear|NN that|IN being|VBG linked|VBN to|TO a|DT particular|JJ style|NN is|VBZ to|TO be|VB put|VBN in|IN a|DT box—like|NN most|RBS creative|JJ people|NNS ,|, architects|NNS dislike|VBP being|VBG categorized|VBN .|. 
Also|RB fear|NN that|IN talking|VBG about|IN style|NN will|MD make|VB architecture—a|NN serious|JJ business—sound|NN frivolous|JJ .|. 
Better|NNP to|TO leave|VB that|IN to|TO interior|JJ decorators|NNS and|CC fashion|NN designers|NNS ,|, professions|NNS that|IN architects|NNS regard|VBP with|IN a|DT mixture|NN of|IN disdain|NN and|CC envy|NN 
.|. Finally|RB ,|, there|EX is|VBZ an|DT unspoken|NN fear|NN of|IN style|NN because|IN it|PRP is|VBZ subject|JJ to|TO the|DT whims|NNS and|CC the|DT fancies|VBZ of|IN fashion|NN .|. 
That|DT fear|NN ,|, at|IN least|JJS ,|, seems|VBZ to|TO me|PRP to|TO be|VB ill-founded|JJ .|. 
An|DT architecture|NN that|WDT recognizes|VBZ style—and|NN fashion—would|NN not|RB be|VB an|DT architecture|NN that|WDT is|VBZ introspective|JJ and|CC self-referential|JJ ,|, as|IN are|VBP so|RB many|JJ contemporary|JJ buildings|NNS .|. 
It|PRP would|MD be|VB part|NN of|IN the|DT world—not|NN architecture|NN for|IN architects|NNS ,|, but|CC architecture|NN for|IN the|DT rest|NN of|IN us|PRP .|. 
And|CC that|DT would|MD not|RB be|VB a|DT bad|JJ thing|NN .|. 

Coda|NNP 
Richard|NNP Morris|NNP Hunt|NNP was|VBD the|DT most|RBS celebrated|JJ American|JJ architect|NN of|IN the|DT late|JJ nineteenth|NN century|NN .|. 
His|PRP$ preeminence|NN is|VBZ reflected|VBN by|IN his|PRP$ appointment|NN as|IN the|DT architect|NN of|IN two|CD important|JJ national|JJ works|VBZ :|: the|DT centerpiece|NN building|NN of|IN the|DT Chicago|NNP World|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Columbian|NNP Exposition|NNP ,|, and|CC the|DT pedestal|NN for|IN the|DT Statue|NNP of|IN Liberty|NNP .|. 
He|PRP was|VBD feted|JJ at|IN home|NN and|CC abroad|RB .|. 
Hunt|NNP was|VBD the|DT first|JJ architect|NN to|TO receive|VB an|DT honorary|JJ doctorate|NN from|IN Harvard|NNP and|CC the|DT first|JJ American|NNP to|TO receive|VB a|DT Gold|NNP Medal|NNP from|IN the|DT Royal|NNP Institute|NNP of|IN British|NNP Architects|NNPS ,|, and|CC he|PRP was|VBD made|VBN an|DT honorary|JJ member|NN of|IN the|DT French|NNP Académie|NNP and|CC a|DT Chevalier|NNP of|IN the|DT Legion|NNP of|IN Honor|NNP .|. 
A|DT hundred|CD years|NNS later|RB ,|, his|PRP$ counterpart|NN is|VBZ Frank|NNP O.|NN Gehry|NNP .|. 
Since|IN being|VBG awarded|VBN the|DT prestigious|JJ Pritzker|NNP Prize|NNP in|IN 1989|CD ,|, Gehry|NNP has|VBZ gone|VBN on|IN to|TO win|VB more|JJR honors|NNS than|IN any|DT other|JJ living|NN architect|NN ,|, including|VBG such|JJ major|JJ arts|NNS awards|NNS as|IN the|DT Dorothy|NNP and|CC Lillian|NNP Gish|NNP Prize|NNP (|( a|DT non-architectural|JJ award|NN of|IN which|WDT he|PRP is|VBZ the|DT first|JJ recipient|JJ )|) and|CC the|DT Japanese|NNP Praemium|NNP Imperiale|NNP ,|, the|DT Nobel|NNP of|IN the|DT art|NN world|NN .|. 
Even|RB the|DT staid|JJ American|NNP Institute|NNP of|IN Architects|NNPS ,|, which|WDT had|VBD previously|RB shunned|VBD Gehry|NNP in|IN lieu|NN of|IN more|JJR mainstream|NN practitioners|NNS ,|, awarded|VBD him|PRP its|PRP$ top|JJ accolade|NN ,|, the|DT AIA|NNP Gold|NNP Medal|NNP .|. 

No|DT pair|NN of|IN architects|NNS could|MD be|VB more|RBR dissimilar|JJ than|IN this|DT distinctly|RB odd|JJ couple|NN ,|, the|DT proper|JJ High|NNP Society|NNP favorite|NN of|IN the|DT Gilded|NNP Age|NNP and|CC the|DT untidy|NN bohemian|NN from|IN Santa|NNP Monica|NNP .|. 
Yet|CC they|PRP bear|VBP comparison|NN .|. 
They|PRP were|VBD both|DT late|JJ bloomers|NNS .|. 
Gehry|NNP was|VBD 48|CD when|WRB he|PRP gained|VBD national|JJ recognition|NN 
.|. Until|IN then|RB ,|, he|PRP had|VBD been|VBN running|VBG his|PRP$ own|JJ office|NN in|IN Los|NNP Angeles|NNP for|IN almost|RB twenty|CD years|NNS ,|, building|VBG shopping|NN centers|NNS ,|, suburban|JJ offices|NNS ,|, department|NN stores|NNS ,|, and|CC apartments|NNS in|IN competent|JJ but|CC unremarkable|JJ renditions|NNS of|IN L.A.|NN modern|JJ .|. 
The|DT project|NN that|WDT brought|VBD him|PRP to|TO national|JJ attention|NN was|VBD his|PRP$ own|JJ remodeled|VBN house|NN :|: a|DT nondescript|JJ bungalow|NN encased|JJ in|IN an|DT unsettling|JJ Cubist|NNP composition|NN of|IN unpainted|JJ plywood|NN ,|, corrugated|JJ metal|NN ,|, and|CC chain-link|JJ fencing|NN .|. 
The|DT odd|JJ shapes|VBZ and|CC unorthodox|JJ materials|NNS marked|VBD Gehry|NNP as|IN a|DT maverick|NN .|. 
That|DT was|VBD in|IN 1978|CD .|. 
Unexpectedly|NNP ,|, he|PRP attracted|VBD a|DT broad|JJ range|NN of|IN commissions|NNS ,|, not|RB only|RB residential|JJ clients|NNS ,|, but|CC also|RB museums|NNS ,|, public|JJ institutions|NNS ,|, universities|NNS ,|, corporations|NNS ,|, and|CC developers|NNS ,|, and|CC not|RB only|RB in|IN the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS but|CC around|IN the|DT world|NN .|. 

Hunt|NNP was|VBD 43|CD when|WRB he|PRP came|VBD into|IN his|PRP$ own|JJ .|. 
He|PRP had|VBD established|VBN an|DT architectural|JJ practice|NN in|IN New|NNP York|NNP in|IN 1855|CD ,|, almost|RB immediately|RB on|IN his|PRP$ return|NN from|IN the|DT Ecole|NNP des|NNP Beaux-|NNP Arts|NNP .|. 
He|PRP was|VBD moderately|RB successful|JJ ,|, achieving|VBG local|JJ renown|NN for|IN the|DT Tribune|NNP Building|NNP ,|, an|DT early|JJ New|NNP York|NNP skyscraper|NN .|. 
Despite|IN his|PRP$ Parisian|JJ background|NN ,|, Hunt|NNP worked|VBD in|IN the|DT prevalent|JJ Ruskinian|NNP Gothic|NNP style|NN .|. 
Of|IN his|PRP$ Presbyterian|NNP Hospital|NNP in|IN downtown|NN Manhattan|NNP ,|, the|DT architectural|JJ critic|NN Montgomery|NNP Schuyler|NNP wrote|VBD :|: “|NN The|DT building|NN is|VBZ of|IN Gothic|NNP design|NN with|IN very|RB red|JJ brick|NN ,|, and|CC very|RB irregular|JJ stone|NN dressings|NNS ,|, which|WDT ,|, it|PRP must|MD be|VB confessed|VBN regretfully|RB ,|, are|VBP not|RB pleasing|VBG to|TO the|DT eye|NN .|. ”|NN 
3|CD For|IN his|PRP$ next|JJ project|NN ,|, the|DT Lenox|NNP Library|NNP ,|, Hunt|NNP tried|VBD something|NN different|JJ .|. 
He|PRP borrowed|VBD from|IN the|DT French|NNP Neo-|NNP Grec|NNP style|NN ,|, popularized|VBN by|IN Labrouste|NNP in|IN the|DT Bibliothèque|NNP Sainte|NNP Geneviève|NNP ,|, adding|VBG Renaissance|NNP details|NNS and|CC his|PRP$ own|JJ characteristically|RB vigorous|JJ surface|NN modeling|NN .|. 
The|DT result|NN was|VBD a|DT startling|JJ departure|NN from|IN convention|NN ,|, a|DT monochrome|JJ limestone|NN block|NN of|IN imposing|VBG dignity|NN .|. 
The|DT Lenox|NNP Library|NNP (|( which|WDT stood|VBD on|IN Fifth|NNP Avenue|NNP on|IN the|DT site|NN of|IN the|DT present-day|JJ Frick|NNP Collection|NNP )|) marked|VBD a|DT shift|NN in|IN architectural|JJ taste|NN ,|, away|RB from|IN Ruskin|NNP to|TO a|DT grand|JJ and|CC frankly|RB aesthetic|JJ Classicism|NNP .|. 
The|DT 1880s|NN was|VBD a|DT decade|NN of|IN great|JJ prosperity|NN ,|, and|CC newly|RB wealthy|JJ New|NNP Yorkers|NNPS eagerly|RB sought|VBN out|RP Hunt|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ architectural|JJ blend|NN of|IN good|JJ taste|NN and|CC ostentatious|JJ display|NN 
.|. He|PRP obliged|VBN them|PRP in|IN a|DT string|NN of|IN high-profile|JJ commissions|NNS :|: magnificent|JJ mansions|NNS along|IN Fifth|NNP Avenue|NNP ,|, country|NN houses|NNS on|IN Long|NNP Island|NNP ,|, and|CC palatial|JJ “|NN cottages|NNS ”|NN in|IN Newport|NNP ,|, Rhode|NNP Island|NNP .|. 
Hunt|NNP died|VBD in|IN 1895|CD ,|, but|CC in|IN the|DT last|JJ seven|CD years|NNS of|IN his|PRP$ life|NN ,|, he|PRP completed|VBD more|JJR than|IN fifty|NN projects|NNS .|. 

Biltmore|NNP House|NNP in|IN Asheville|NNP ,|, North|NNP Carolina|NNP ,|, is|VBZ a|DT good|JJ example|NN of|IN his|PRP$ stylistic|JJ prowess|NN .|. 
Hunt|NNP modeled|VBD the|DT design|NN of|IN this|DT 250|CD -|: room|NN residence|NN on|IN the|DT Château|NNP de|IN Blois|NNP ,|, whose|WP$ style|NN is|VBZ not|RB the|DT severe|JJ Classicism|NNP of|IN the|DT Italian|NNP Renaissance|NNP favored|VBN by|IN architects|NNS such|JJ as|IN Charles|NNP McKim|NNP ,|, but|CC the|DT more|RBR ornate|JJ and|CC picturesque|NN French|NNP Renaissance|NNP .|. 
To|TO a|DT modern|JJ visitor|NN ,|, the|DT spires|NNS ,|, turrets|NNS ,|, and|CC steep|JJ slate|NN roofs|NNS of|IN Biltmore|NNP recall|VB Disneyland|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ Sleeping|NNP Beauty|NNP Castle|NNP ,|, which|WDT is|VBZ not|RB surprising|JJ since|IN Disney|NNP also|RB used|VBD a|DT Loire|NNP Valley|NNP chateau—the|NN Château|NNP d|SYM ’|NN Ussé—as|NNP his|PRP$ model|NN .|. 
But|CC the|DT comparison|NN does|VBZ Hunt|NNP an|DT injustice|NN ,|, for|IN his|PRP$ design|NN is|VBZ neither|DT prettified|JJ nor|CC quaint|JJ .|. 
His|PRP$ client|NN ,|, George|NNP W.|NN Vanderbilt|NNP ,|, was|VBD a|DT young|JJ bachelor|NN (|( he|PRP married|VBD soon|RB after|IN the|DT house|NN was|VBD finished|VBN )|) ,|, and|CC for|IN him|PRP Hunt|NNP created|VBD an|DT architecture|NN that|WDT is|VBZ robust|JJ ,|, masculine|JJ ,|, and|CC immensely|RB self-assured|JJ ,|, not|RB in|IN the|DT least|JJS like|IN a|DT fairytale|NN .|. 

Vanderbilt|NNP was|VBD drawn|VBN to|TO French|JJ chateaux|NN ,|, which|WDT Hunt|NNP showed|VBD him|PRP during|IN a|DT whirlwind|JJ European|JJ tour|NN ,|, since|IN young|JJ George|NNP and|CC his|PRP$ wealthy|JJ family|NN imagined|VBD themselves|PRP American|JJ aristocrats|NNS .|. 
There|EX are|VBP coats|NNS of|IN arms|NNS bearing|NN Vs|NNP all|DT over|IN the|DT house|NN .|. 
Hunt|NNP provides|VBZ his|PRP$ client|NN with|IN an|DT imagined|JJ regal|NN setting|NN ,|, but|CC deals|NNS with|IN the|DT past|NN in|IN his|PRP$ own|JJ peculiar|JJ way|NN .|. 
Although|IN he|PRP modeled|VBD the|DT building|NN on|IN Blois|NNP ,|, he|PRP makes|VBZ no|DT attempt|NN to|TO create|VB a|DT replica|NN of|IN the|DT sixteenth-century|JJ chateau|NN ,|, but|CC draws|VBZ details|NNS from|IN other|JJ buildings|NNS of|IN the|DT period|NN and|CC recombines|NNS them|PRP into|IN an|DT original|JJ whole|NN .|. 
Nor|CC does|VBZ he|PRP try|VBP to|TO create|VB the|DT illusion|NN that|IN this|DT is|VBZ a|DT sixteenth-century|JJ building—there|NN is|VBZ no|DT artificial|JJ weathering|VBG ,|, no|DT aging|VBG effect|NN no|DT simulated|JJ historicism|NN .|. 
The|DT interior|NN is|VBZ modern|JJ ,|, bright|JJ ,|, and|CC open|JJ .|. 
The|DT focus|NN of|IN the|DT main|JJ floor|NN is|VBZ a|DT glass-roofed|JJ conservatory|NN ,|, a|DT common|JJ nineteenth-century|JJ feature|NN .|. 
The|DT stonework|NN of|IN the|DT house|NN is|VBZ impeccable|JJ ,|, much|JJ crisper|NN and|CC more|RBR sharply|RB defined|VBN than|IN at|IN Blois|NNP .|. 
Hunt|NNP was|VBD no|DT antiquarian|NN ,|, and|CC modern|JJ American|JJ technology|NN abounds|VBZ 
.|. The|DT floors|NNS of|IN fireproof|NN hollow|JJ tile|NN are|VBP supported|VBN by|IN steel|NN I-|NNP beams|VBZ and|CC the|DT steep|JJ slate|NN roofs|NNS by|IN steel|NN roof|NN trusses|NNS .|. 
Cast|VBN iron|NN replaces|VBZ wrought|VBD iron|NN and|CC high-quality|JJ bricks|NNS ,|, fired|VBN in|IN the|DT estate|NN brickworks|NNS ,|, back-up|NN the|DT limestone|NN walls|NNS .|. 
Equally|RB novel|NN are|VBP the|DT elevators|NNS and|CC telephones|NNS ,|, electrical|JJ lighting|NN ,|, hot|JJ and|CC cold|NN running|NN water|NN ,|, and|CC forced|VBD air|NN central|JJ heating|NN .|. 
There|EX is|VBZ no|DT doubt|NN that|IN for|IN Hunt|NNP ,|, Biltmore|NNP is|VBZ an|DT up-to-the-minute|JJ modern|JJ building|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ part|NN of|IN its|PRP$ style|NN ,|, too|RB .|. 

Like|IN Hunt|NNP ,|, Frank|NNP Gehry|NNP enlists|NNS novel|NN materials|NNS in|IN his|PRP$ buildings|NNS .|. 
The|DT Guggenheim|NNP Museum|NNP in|IN Bilbao|NNP ,|, Spain|NNP ,|, for|IN example|NN ,|, is|VBZ clad|VBN in|IN titanium|NN ,|, previously|RB used|VBN chiefly|RB for|IN building|NN aircraft|NN .|. 
The|DT metallic|JJ walls|NNS curve|NN ,|, twist|NN ,|, and|CC turn|VB .|. 
One|CD part|NN of|IN the|DT building|NN slides|NNS under|IN an|DT adjoining|JJ bridge|NN ;|: another|DT emerges|VBZ from|IN a|DT reflecting|VBG pool|NN 
.|. Bilbainos|NNP refer|VBP to|TO the|DT museum|NN as|IN the|DT “|NN artichoke|NN ,|, ”|NN which|WDT comes|VBZ close|RB to|TO describing|VBG it|PRP ,|, if|IN you|PRP can|MD imagine|VB a|DT gleaming|VBG ,|, metallic|JJ artichoke|NN more|JJR than|IN two|CD hundred|CD feet|NNS high|JJ .|. 
The|DT seeming|JJ disorder—a|NN chaotic|JJ collision|NN of|IN forms—has|NNS no|DT architectural|JJ precedent|NN .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ not|RB sculptural|NN architecture|NN ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ walk-in|JJ sculpture|NN .|. 

“|NN The|DT plan|NN is|VBZ the|DT generator|NN ”|NN preached|JJ Le|NNP Corbusier|NNP ,|, but|CC with|IN Gehry|NNP ,|, the|DT plan|NN is|VBZ the|DT result|NN .|. 
He|PRP appears|VBZ to|TO design|VB from|IN the|DT outside|JJ in|IN .|. 
The|DT building|NN as|IN a|DT composition|NN comes|VBZ first|JJ ,|, the|DT interior|JJ spaces|NNS follow|VBP .|. 
This|DT implies|VBZ that|IN he|PRP shoehorns|NNS functions|NNS into|IN the|DT building|NN ,|, which|WDT is|VBZ not|RB the|DT case|NN .|. 
The|DT Guggenheim|NNP has|VBZ three|CD distinct|JJ types|NNS of|IN gallery|NN spaces|NNS :|: traditional|JJ ,|, skylit|NN rooms|NNS for|IN displaying|VBG its|PRP$ permanent|JJ collection|NN of|IN early|JJ Modernist|NNP art|NN ;|: a|DT long|JJ boat-like|JJ space|NN for|IN temporary|JJ installations|NNS ;|: and|CC 11|CD smaller|JJR galleries|NNS ,|, each|DT with|IN its|PRP$ own|JJ character|NN ,|, each|DT dedicated|VBN to|TO the|DT works|NNS of|IN a|DT selected|VBN living|VBG artist|NN .|. 
The|DT artichoke|NN accommodates|NNS them|PRP all|DT .|. 
The|DT building|NN may|MD appear|VB offhanded|JJ ,|, but|CC there|EX is|VBZ nothing|NN haphazard|JJ about|IN the|DT way|NN it|PRP is|VBZ organized|VBN .|. 

Gehry|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ talent|NN is|VBZ his|PRP$ exceptional|JJ formal|JJ imagination|NN ;|: his|PRP$ skill|NN as|IN an|DT architect|NN is|VBZ to|TO reconcile|VB the|DT forms|NNS he|PRP imagines|VBZ with|IN the|DT functional|JJ demands|NNS of|IN his|PRP$ client|NN .|. 
And|CC ,|, of|IN course|NN ,|, to|TO find|VB ways|NNS to|TO build|VB those|DT forms|NNS .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ generally|RB done|VBN without|IN fuss|NNS .|. 
The|DT titanium|NN sheets|NNS simply|RB follow|VBP the|DT churning|VBG surfaces|VBZ like|IN shingles|NNS on|IN a|DT Shingle|NNP Style|NN roof|NN ;|: limestone|NN is|VBZ used|VBN in|IN a|DT similarly|RB unaffected|JJ fashion|NN ,|, without|IN articulated|JJ joints|NNS .|. 
Gehry|NNP shares|VBZ a|DT minimalist|JJ approach|NN to|TO details|NNS with|IN the|DT early|JJ architects|NNS of|IN the|DT International|NNP Style|NN ,|, but|CC he|PRP deploys|NNS these|DT details|NNS to|TO different|JJ ends|VBZ .|. 
By|IN removing|VBG familiar|JJ elements|NNS such|JJ as|IN coping|VBG strips|NNS ,|, fascias|NNS ,|, and|CC trim|VB ,|, he|PRP accentuates|NNS the|DT sculptural|NN quality|NN of|IN his|PRP$ buildings|NNS .|. 
There|EX are|VBP no|DT roofs|NNS or|CC walls|NNS or|CC windows|NNS in|IN the|DT Guggenheim|NNP ,|, there|EX are|VBP only|RB swirling|VBG and|CC twisting|VBG planes|NNS of|IN metal|NN ,|, stone|NN ,|, and|CC glass|NN .|. 
An|DT architecture|NN critic|NN once|RB described|VBD Gehry|NNP as|IN “|NN a|DT smart|JJ man|NN from|IN Hollywood|NNP ,|, ”|NN which|WDT nicely|RB captures|NNS the|DT architect|NN ’|NN s|VBZ blend|NN of|IN exuberant|NN showmanship|NN and|CC canny|JJ behind-the-scenes|JJ savvy|NN .|. 

Although|IN sophisticated|JJ building|NN techniques|NNS and|CC innovative|JJ materials|NNS play|VBP a|DT major|JJ role|NN in|IN Gehry|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ buildings|NNS ,|, like|IN Hunt|NNP ,|, he|PRP keeps|VBZ technology|NN off|IN center|NN stage|NN .|. 
In|IN that|DT regard|NN ,|, he|PRP repudiates|NNS the|DT mannered|JJ industrial|JJ style|NN that|IN pervades|NNS the|DT work|NN of|IN many|JJ contemporary|JJ architects|NNS .|. 
Neither|DT is|VBZ he|PRP nostalgic|JJ about|IN the|DT past|NN .|. 
Gehry|NNP rejects|VBZ both|DT the|DT moralistic|JJ functionalism|NN of|IN the|DT International|NNP Style|NN and|CC the|DT traditions|NNS of|IN Classicism|NNP .|. 
Architects|NNPS have|VBP broken|VBN rules|NNS in|IN the|DT past|NN ,|, but|CC rarely|RB this|DT unequivocally|RB and|CC totally|RB .|. 

Gehry|NNP ,|, like|IN Hunt|NNP ,|, has|VBZ changed|VBN the|DT course|NN of|IN architecture|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ ,|, he|PRP has|VBZ made|VBN us|PRP look|VBP at|IN our|PRP$ surroundings|NNS in|IN a|DT different|JJ way|NN .|. 
The|DT world|NN of|IN Gehry|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ buildings|NNS is|VBZ ,|, at|IN first|JJ glance|NN ,|, an|DT odd|JJ place|NN .|. 
The|DT line|NN between|IN order|NN and|CC disorder|NN is|VBZ a|DT thin|JJ one|CD ,|, and|CC it|PRP is|VBZ difficult|JJ to|TO know|VB what|WP is|VBZ intended|VBN and|CC what|WP is|VBZ accidental|NN .|. 
But|CC his|PRP$ colliding|VBG forms|NNS and|CC agitated|VBN architecture|NN are|VBP curiously|RB unthreatening|JJ .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ the|DT way|NN we|PRP live|VBP today|NN ,|, Gehry|NNP seems|VBZ to|TO be|VB saying|VBG ,|, why|WRB not|RB enjoy|VB it|PRP ?|. 

