No.|NN 01|CD -|: 618|CD 

IN|IN THE|DT SUPREME|NNP COURT|NNP OF|IN ATTORNEY|NNP GENERAL|NNP ,|, Washington|NNP ,|, D.C.|NN ,|, THE|DT UNITED|NNP STATES|NNS 
Wednesday|NNP ,|, October|NNP 9|CD ,|, 2002|CD The|DT above-entitled|JJ matter|NN came|VBD on|IN for|IN oral|JJ argument|NN before|IN the|DT Supreme|NNP Court|NNP of|IN the|DT United|NNP States|NNPS at|IN 10:03|NN a.m.|NN 

APPEARANCES|NNP :|: LAWRENCE|NNP LESSIG|NNP ,|, ESQ|NNP .|. ,|, Stanford|NNP ,|, California|NNP ;|: on|IN behalf|NN of|IN the|DT Petitioners|NNP 
.|. 
THEODORE|NNP B.|NN OLSON|NNP ,|, ESQ|NNP .|. ,|, Solicitor|NNP General|NNP ,|, Department|NNP of|IN Justice|NNP ,|, Washington|NNP ,|, D.C.|NN ;|: on|IN behalf|NN of|IN the|DT Respondent|NNP .|. 

We|PRP 'll|MD hear|VB argument|NN now|RB in|IN Number|NNP 01|CD -|: 618|CD ,|, Eric|NNP Eldred|NNP v.|NN John|NNP D.|NN Ashcroft|NNP .|. Mr.|NN Lessig|NNP .|. 
ORAL|NNP ARGUMENT|NNP OF|IN LAWRENCE|NNP LESSIG|NNP ON|NNP BEHALF|NNP OF|IN THE|DT PETITIONERS|NNP 

Mr.|NN Chief|NNP Justice|NNP ,|, may|MD it|PRP please|VB the|DT Court|NNP :|: Petitioners|NNP are|VBP before|IN you|PRP this|DT morning|NN challenging|VBG Congress|NNP 's|POS 1998|CD Sonny|NNP Bono|NNP Copyright|NNP Term|NNP Extension|NNP Act|NNP ,|, which|WDT extended|VBD the|DT term|NN of|IN subsisting|VBG and|CC future|JJ copyrights|NNS by|IN 20|CD years|NNS .|. 
Petitioners|NNP submit|VB such|PDT a|DT blanket|NN extension|NN of|IN existing|VBG terms|NNS exceeds|VBZ Congress|NNP 's|POS power|NN under|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN and|CC it|PRP violates|VBZ the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP .|. 
Now|RB ,|, the|DT Government|NNP has|VBZ responded|VBN to|TO petitioners|NNS '|POS argument|NN in|IN a|DT way|NN that|IN betrays|NNS a|DT simple|JJ but|CC fundamental|JJ confusion|NN .|. 
The|DT Government|NNP has|VBZ argued|VBN as|IN if|IN petitioners|NNS had|VBD advanced|VBN a|DT general|JJ theory|NN of|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN ,|, or|CC a|DT general|JJ constraint|NN under|IN which|WDT Congress|NNP must|MD operate|VB .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ a|DT mistake|NN .|. 
This|DT case|NN is|VBZ about|IN limits|NNS to|TO an|DT enumerated|JJ power|NN .|. 
It|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB about|IN general|JJ power|NN of|IN Congress|NNP to|TO exercise|VB its|PRP$ copyright|NN authority|NN .|. 
Petitioners|NNP have|VBP advanced|VBN a|DT particular|JJ interpretation|NN of|IN the|DT only|RB express|VB limits|NNS in|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN designed|VBN to|TO give|VB those|DT limits|NNS meaning|VBG .|. 
Mr.|NN Lessig|NNP ,|, I|PRP 'll|MD tell|VB you|PRP what|WP bothers|NNS me|PRP about|IN your|PRP$ position|NN ,|, and|CC that|DT is|VBZ that|IN Congress|NNP has|VBZ extended|VBN the|DT term|NN so|RB often|RB through|IN the|DT years|NNS ,|, and|CC if|IN you|PRP are|VBP right|RB ,|, do|VBP n't|RB we|PRP run|VBP the|DT risk|NN of|IN upsetting|VBG previous|JJ extensions|NNS of|IN time|NN ?|. 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, this|DT seems|VBZ to|TO be|VB a|DT practice|NN that|WDT began|VBD with|IN the|DT very|RB first|JJ act|NN .|. 
Justice|NNP ,|, we|PRP do|VBP not|RB believe|VB that|IN the|DT very|RB first|JJ act|NN extended|VBD terms|NNS at|IN all|DT .|. 
Speaking|VBG technically|RB ,|, which|WDT for|IN a|DT lawyer|NN means|VBZ speaking|VBG accurately|RB ,|, the|DT 1790|CD act|NN did|VBD not|RB extend|VB a|DT Federal|NNP term|NN .|. 
The|DT 1790|CD act|NN granted|VBD a|DT term|NN for|IN works|VBZ that|IN already|RB existed|VBD in|IN precisely|RB the|DT pattern|NN that|IN the|DT English|NNP parliament|NN had|VBD done|VBN in|IN the|DT Statute|NNP of|IN Anne|NNP in|IN 1710|CD ,|, and|CC that|IN the|DT English|NNP parliament|NN did|VBD with|IN monopolies|NNS ,|, general|JJ monopolies|NNS in|IN the|DT statute|NN .|. 
But|CC there|EX have|VBP been|VBN a|DT number|NN of|IN extensions|NNS since|IN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
Even|RB if|IN you|PRP can|MD get|VB over|IN the|DT first|JJ hurdle|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ the|DT important|JJ hurdle|NN ,|, and|CC we|PRP 'd|MD like|VB to|TO jump|VB that|IN first|JJ ,|, but|CC the|DT other|JJ ones|NNS ,|, Justice|NNP ,|, you|PRP 're|VBP right|NN ,|, in|IN 1831|CD and|CC in|IN 1909|CD Congress|NNP extended|VBD terms|NNS in|IN a|DT way|NN that|WDT is|VBZ inconsistent|JJ with|IN the|DT strongest|JJS form|NN of|IN the|DT test|NN that|IN we|PRP have|VBP advanced|VBN .|. 
Those|DT extensions|NNS ,|, however|RB ,|, were|VBD never|RB challenged|VBN in|IN any|DT court|NN and|CC certainly|RB not|RB considered|VBN by|IN this|DT Court|NNP .|. 
Well|RB ,|, does|VBZ n't|RB that|IN itself|PRP mean|VBP something|NN ,|, Mr.|NN Lessig|NNP ?|. 
The|DT fact|NN that|IN they|PRP were|VBD never|RB challenged|VBN ,|, perhaps|RB most|JJS people|NNS ,|, and|CC perhaps|RB everybody|NN felt|VBD there|EX was|VBD no|DT basis|NN for|IN challenging|VBG them|PRP .|. 
Well|RB ,|, Mr.|NN Chief|NNP Justice|NNP ,|, it|PRP 's|VBZ absolutely|RB true|JJ that|IN this|DT case|NN is|VBZ here|RB because|IN of|IN a|DT fundamentally|RB important|JJ changed|VBN circumstance|NN that|WDT makes|VBZ the|DT Framers|NNP '|POS limitations|NNS on|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN much|RB more|RBR significant|JJ .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ the|DT first|JJ time|NN I|PRP can|MD remember|VB where|WRB this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ been|VBN pointed|VBN to|TO changed|JJ circumstances|NNS as|IN a|DT reason|NN to|TO reaffirm|VB the|DT Framers|NNP '|POS values|NNS ,|, because|IN for|IN most|JJS of|IN this|DT period|NN ,|, Mr.|NN Chief|NNP Justice|NNP ,|, the|DT only|JJ people|NNS who|WP were|VBD regulated|VBN by|IN copyright|NN law|NN under|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Act|NNP would|MD have|VB been|VBN commercial|JJ publishers|NNS ,|, primarily|RB ,|, and|CC now|RB for|IN the|DT first|JJ time|NN the|DT scope|NN of|IN this|DT exclusive|JJ right|NN has|VBZ expanded|VBN because|IN of|IN the|DT changed|JJ technology|NN of|IN the|DT Internet|NN to|TO reach|VB an|DT extraordinarily|RB broad|JJ range|NN of|IN creativity|NN that|IN never|RB would|MD have|VB been|VBN imagined|VBN before|RB .|. 
Now|RB ,|, it|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB the|DT case|NN that|IN the|DT earlier|JJR extensions|NNS were|VBD not|RB questioned|VBN on|IN constitutional|JJ grounds|NNS .|. 
In|IN fact|NN ,|, Melville|NNP Nimmer|NNP ,|, in|IN the|DT consideration|NN of|IN the|DT 1976|CD act|NN ,|, suggested|VBD they|PRP were|VBD plainly|RB under|IN --|: 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP 'm|VBP talking|VBG about|IN court|NN challenges|NNS ,|, not|RB academic|JJ challenges|NNS .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|NN ,|, there|EX is|VBZ no|DT court|NN challenge|NN .|. 
Mr.|NN 
Lessig|NNP ,|, your|PRP$ theory|NN ,|, as|IN I|PRP understand|VBP it|PRP ,|, regardless|RB of|IN changed|VBN circumstances|NNS or|CC not|RB ,|, your|PRP$ basic|JJ theory|NN ,|, which|WDT on|IN your|PRP$ argument|NN would|MD have|VB been|VBN appropriate|JJ at|IN any|DT time|NN historically|RB ,|, is|VBZ that|IN there|RB has|VBZ at|IN least|JJS got|VBN to|TO be|VB the|DT possibility|NN of|IN a|DT kind|NN of|IN a|DT causal|NN connection|NN between|IN the|DT extension|NN and|CC the|DT promotion|NN or|CC inducement|NN for|IN the|DT creation|NN of|IN some|DT subsequent|JJ work|NN ,|, but|CC why|WRB is|VBZ that|IN any|DT more|RBR plausible|JJ a|DT reading|NN of|IN the|DT Promotion|NNP Clause|NN than|IN simply|RB a|DT reading|NN that|WDT says|VBZ the|DT Promotion|NNP Clause|NN requires|VBZ that|IN there|EX be|VB a|DT general|JJ scheme|NN in|IN place|NN ,|, which|WDT overall|JJ tends|VBZ to|TO promote|VB or|CC induce|VB ,|, and|CC part|NN of|IN one|CD aspect|NN of|IN that|DT scheme|NN can|MD be|VB that|IN the|DT --|: that|IN at|IN the|DT discretion|NN of|IN Congress|NNP the|DT period|NN of|IN protection|NN is|VBZ extended|VBN from|IN time|NN to|TO time|NN ?|. 
Why|WRB do|VBP you|PRP require|VBP --|: why|WRB do|VBP you|PRP say|VBP the|DT clause|NN has|VBZ got|VBN to|TO be|VB read|VBN by|IN this|DT kind|NN of|IN specific|JJ causation|NN theory|NN as|IN opposed|VBN to|TO a|DT kind|NN of|IN systemic|JJ theory|NN of|IN promotion|NN ?|. 
Justice|NNP Souter|NNP ,|, the|DT reason|NN is|VBZ exactly|RB related|VBN to|TO the|DT point|NN I|PRP began|VBD with|IN ,|, that|IN this|DT is|VBZ a|DT case|NN about|IN limits|NNS and|CC not|RB about|IN discretion|NN .|. 
If|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB the|DT case|NN that|IN this|DT Court|NNP --|: 
No|DT ,|, but|CC that|DT 's|VBZ --|: I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ the|DT issue|NN in|IN the|DT alternative|JJ reading|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
And|CC why|WRB is|VBZ it|PRP a|DT limit|NN case|NN ,|, rather|RB than|IN a|DT discretion|NN within|IN a|DT general|JJ scheme|NN kind|NN --|: 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
--|: of|IN clause|NN ?|. 
Because|IN if|IN this|DT Court|NNP does|VBZ not|RB adopt|VB a|DT reading|NN of|IN the|DT form|NN we|PRP 've|VBP offered|VBN ,|, then|RB there|EX is|VBZ no|DT limit|NN to|TO the|DT ability|NN of|IN Congress|NNP to|TO extend|VB subsisting|VBG terms|NNS .|. 
Do|VBP you|PRP say|VB the|DT same|JJ thing|NN for|IN scope|NN ?|. 
This|DT case|NN is|VBZ about|IN duration|NN ,|, but|CC Congress|NNP from|IN time|NN to|TO time|NN --|: in|IN fact|NN ,|, you|PRP mentioned|VBD --|: 
Yes|UH .|. 
--|: the|DT expanded|JJ applications|NNS of|IN copyright|NN ,|, and|CC Congress|NNP itself|PRP extends|VBZ the|DT scope|NN from|IN time|NN to|TO time|NN .|. 
Would|MD you|PRP make|VB ,|, as|RB far|RB as|RB ,|, say|VB ,|, translation|NN rights|NNS that|WDT did|VBD n't|RB exist|VB before|RB ,|, the|DT same|JJ argument|NN ?|. 
I|PRP --|: 
Why|WRB --|: or|CC --|: and|CC if|IN you|PRP would|MD n't|RB ,|, why|WRB not|RB ?|. 
I|PRP --|: no|DT ,|, Justice|NNP Ginsburg|NNP ,|, we|PRP would|MD not|RB ,|, and|CC the|DT reason|NN is|VBZ again|RB related|VBN to|TO the|DT method|NN we|PRP have|VBP adopted|VBN to|TO interpret|VB "|'' limited|JJ times|NNS .|. 
"|'' We|PRP have|VBP not|RB said|VBN that|IN "|'' promote|VB the|DT progress|NN of|IN science|NN "|'' is|VBZ a|DT general|JJ and|CC independent|JJ constraint|NN on|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN authority|NN .|. 
We|PRP 've|VBP said|VBN it|PRP must|MD be|VB looked|VBN to|TO to|TO interpret|VB the|DT scope|NN of|IN "|'' limited|JJ times|NNS ,|, "|'' and|CC unless|IN retrospective|NN extensions|NNS are|VBP forbidden|VBN ,|, it|PRP will|MD eviscerate|NN the|DT meaning|NN of|IN "|'' limited|JJ times|NNS .|. 
"|'' That|DT does|VBZ not|RB occur|VB in|IN the|DT context|NN of|IN the|DT scope|NN of|IN exclusive|JJ right|NN ,|, nor|CC in|IN the|DT context|NN of|IN the|DT power|NN to|TO secure|VB .|. 
If|IN that|DT 's|VBZ --|: 
Could|MD we|PRP then|RB go|VBP back|RB to|TO Justice|NNP O|NNP '|POS Connor|NNP 's|POS question|NN ?|. 
To|TO make|VB that|IN very|RB specific|JJ ,|, if|IN we|PRP agree|VBP with|IN you|PRP ,|, does|VBZ that|WDT mean|VBP that|IN we|PRP would|MD ,|, in|IN principle|NN ,|, have|VBP to|TO hold|VB the|DT 1976|CD extension|NN unconstitutional|JJ ?|. 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, in|IN 1976|CD ,|, Congress|NNP extended|VBD the|DT term|NN from|IN 28|CD years|NNS renewable|JJ once|RB ,|, to|TO life|NN of|IN the|DT author|NN plus|CC 50|CD years|NNS .|. 
Now|RB they|PRP 're|VBP extending|VBG it|PRP life|NN of|IN the|DT author|NN plus|CC 70|CD .|. 
If|IN the|DT latter|NN is|VBZ unconstitutional|JJ on|IN your|PRP$ theory|NN ,|, how|WRB could|MD the|DT former|NN not|RB be|VB ?|. 
And|CC if|IN the|DT former|NN is|VBZ ,|, the|DT chaos|NN that|WDT would|MD ensue|VB would|MD be|VB horrendous|JJ .|. 
Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP ,|, under|IN our|PRP$ theory|NN as|IN we|PRP 've|VBP advanced|VBN it|PRP ,|, you|PRP 're|VBP right|NN ;|: the|DT 1976|CD act|NN would|MD be|VB unconstitutional|JJ .|. 
Whether|IN this|DT Court|NNP would|MD apply|VB such|PDT a|DT holding|VBG in|IN this|DT case|NN to|TO that|DT act|NN is|VBZ a|DT question|NN that|WDT would|MD have|VB to|TO be|VB resolved|VBN under|IN the|DT retrospective|NN --|: 
Maybe|RB we|PRP ought|MD to|TO find|VB another|DT theory|NN ,|, then|RB .|. 
Is|VBZ there|EX any|DT --|: 
Justice|NNP ,|, the|DT theory|NN ,|, which|WDT would|MD advance|VB the|DT aim|NN of|IN limiting|VBG times|NNS in|IN a|DT way|NN that|WDT is|VBZ enforceable|JJ ,|, is|VBZ only|RB applicable|JJ in|IN the|DT case|NN that|IN we|PRP brought|VBD before|IN you|PRP here|RB to|TO the|DT '|POS 98|CD act|NN ,|, and|CC would|MD not|RB necessarily|RB be|VB applicable|JJ under|IN the|NNP '|POS 76|CD act|NN for|IN the|DT reasons|VBZ the|DT Government|NNP has|VBZ offered|VBN .|. 
We|PRP would|MD not|RB advance|VB this|DT argument|NN ,|, but|CC the|DT Government|NNP has|VBZ offered|VBN an|DT argument|NN in|IN a|DT parallel|JJ case|NN that|WDT suggests|VBZ a|DT distinction|NN between|IN the|NNP '|POS 76|CD act|NN and|CC this|DT case|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ not|RB been|VBN briefed|VBN here|RB .|. 
It|PRP 's|VBZ been|VBN grounded|VBN in|IN their|PRP$ claim|NN that|IN the|DT treaty|NN power|NN creates|VBZ some|DT special|JJ power|NN .|. 
We|PRP would|MD n't|RB advance|VB that|DT claim|NN ,|, but|CC the|DT point|NN is|VBZ there|EX are|VBP a|DT number|NN of|IN issues|NNS that|IN the|NNP '|POS 76|CD act|NN --|: 
In|IN essence|NN ,|, you|PRP think|VBP it|PRP 's|VBZ at|IN least|JJS arguable|JJ that|IN the|NNP '|POS 76|CD act|NN had|VBD various|JJ positive|JJ aspects|NNS to|TO it|PRP in|IN terms|NNS of|IN the|DT purpose|NN of|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN that|IN this|DT act|NN lacks|VBZ ?|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ certainly|RB true|JJ ,|, and|CC we|PRP also|RB believe|VBP that|IN ,|, for|IN the|DT reasons|NNS averted|VBN to|TO by|IN amicus|JJ AOL|NNP in|IN this|DT case|NN and|CC the|DT reasons|NNS you|PRP 've|VBP just|RB suggested|VBN ,|, the|DT disruption|NN in|IN that|DT context|NN under|IN the|DT retrospectivity|NN cases|NNS Ryder|NNP and|CC Reynoldsville|NNP Casket|NNP Company|NNP would|MD be|VB sufficient|JJ to|TO fit|VB it|PRP within|IN the|DT ,|, quote|NN ,|, "|'' severe|JJ disruption|NN exception|NN "|'' to|TO the|DT retrospectivity|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP suppose|VBP implicit|JJ in|IN the|DT argument|NN that|IN the|NNP '|POS 76|CD act|NN ,|, too|RB ,|, should|MD have|VB been|VBN declared|VBN void|NN ,|, and|CC that|IN we|PRP might|MD leave|VB it|PRP alone|RB because|IN of|IN the|DT disruption|NN ,|, is|VBZ that|IN for|IN all|PDT these|DT years|NNS the|DT act|NN has|VBZ impeded|VBN progress|NN in|IN science|NN and|CC the|DT useful|JJ arts|NNS .|. 
I|PRP just|RB do|VBP n't|RB see|VB any|DT empirical|JJ evidence|NN for|IN that|DT .|. 
Justice|NNP ,|, we|PRP are|VBP not|RB making|VBG an|DT empirical|JJ claim|NN at|IN all|DT .|. 
Nothing|NN in|IN our|PRP$ Copyright|NNP Clause|NN claim|NN hangs|VBZ upon|IN the|DT empirical|JJ assertion|NN about|IN impeding|VBG progress|NN .|. 
Our|PRP$ only|RB argument|NN is|VBZ ,|, this|DT is|VBZ a|DT structural|JJ limit|NN necessary|JJ to|TO assure|VB that|IN what|WP would|MD be|VB an|DT effectively|RB perpetual|JJ term|NN not|RB be|VB permitted|VBN under|IN the|DT copyright|NN laws|NNS .|. 
Well|RB ,|, perhaps|RB I|PRP misunderstood|VBN .|. 
I|PRP thought|VBD the|DT whole|JJ thrust|NN of|IN your|PRP$ is|VBZ a|DT great|JJ First|CD Amendment|NNP force|NN silenced|VBN ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ being|VBG thwarted|VBN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, the|DT thrust|NN certainly|RB --|: 
I|PRP thought|VBD that|DT 's|VBZ the|DT whole|JJ underpinning|VBG of|IN your|PRP$ case|NN .|. 
It|PRP 's|VBZ certainly|RB the|DT case|NN that|IN we|PRP are|VBP asserting|VBG ,|, in|IN light|NN of|IN the|DT changed|JJ circumstances|NNS ,|, that|IN the|DT opportunity|NN to|TO build|VB upon|IN works|VBZ within|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN is|VBZ a|DT fundamental|JJ First|CD Amendment|NNP interest|NN ,|, and|CC that|IN the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP values|NNS ,|, vital|JJ speech|NN interest|NN at|IN stake|NN of|IN this|DT case|NN ,|, is|VBZ that|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN be|VB permitted|VBN as|IN a|DT source|NN for|IN cultivating|VBG work|NN about|IN our|PRP$ culture|NN without|IN unnecessary|JJ legal|JJ restriction|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, but|CC you|PRP want|VBP more|JJR than|IN that|DT .|. 
You|PRP want|VBP the|DT right|NN to|TO copy|VB verbatim|JJ other|JJ people|NNS 's|POS books|NNS ,|, do|VBP n't|RB you|PRP ?|. 
We|PRP want|VBP the|DT right|NN to|TO copy|VB verbatim|JJ works|NNS that|WDT should|MD be|VB in|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN and|CC would|MD be|VB in|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN but|CC for|IN a|DT statute|NN that|WDT can|MD not|RB be|VB justified|JJ under|IN ordinary|JJ First|CD Amendment|NNP analysis|NN or|CC under|IN a|DT proper|JJ reading|NN of|IN the|DT limits|NNS built|VBN into|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP 16|CD Clause|NN .|. 
Mr.|NN Lessig|NNP ,|, on|IN your|PRP$ First|CD Amendment|NNP argument|NN I|PRP do|VBP n't|RB see|VB where|WRB the|DT retroactivity-prospectivity|JJ comes|VBZ in|IN ,|, because|IN --|: I|PRP follow|VBP your|PRP$ argument|NN under|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN ,|, but|CC if|IN you|PRP 're|VBP saying|VBG that|IN the|DT time|NN is|VBZ too|RB long|JJ ,|, the|DT public|JJ domain|NN should|MD get|VB this|DT stuff|NN sooner|RBR rather|RB than|IN later|RB ,|, would|MD you|PRP explain|VB to|TO me|PRP how|WRB your|PRP$ prospectivity-retrospective|JJ line|NN fits|VBZ into|IN your|PRP$ First|CD Amendment|NNP claim|NN ?|. 
MR|NNP .|. LESSIG|NNP :|: Justice|NNP ,|, we|PRP 've|VBP argued|VBN that|IN it|PRP would|MD be|VB inappropriate|JJ in|IN this|DT case|NN for|IN the|DT Court|NNP to|TO consider|VB the|DT prospective|JJ line|NN until|IN they|PRP decide|VBP whether|IN the|DT case|NN ,|, whether|IN the|DT prospective|JJ and|CC retrospective|NN is|VBZ severable|JJ ,|, and|CC we|PRP submit|VBP it|PRP 's|VBZ an|DT easy|JJ case|NN to|TO show|VB that|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB .|. 
On|IN the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP --|: 
Yes|UH .|. 
--|: argument|NN you|PRP 're|VBP making|VBG that|IN as|IN ,|, I|PRP take|VBP it|PRP ,|, an|DT argument|NN independent|JJ of|IN ,|, it|PRP does|VBZ n't|RB hang|VB on|IN your|PRP$ Copyright|NNP Clause|NN argument|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
I|PRP --|: 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
And|CC so|RB let|VB 's|POS just|RB take|NN --|: let|VB 's|POS say|NN that|WDT was|VBD your|PRP$ only|RB argument|NN in|IN this|DT case|NN .|. 
How|WRB does|VBZ that|WDT tie|NN into|IN a|DT retrospective-prospective|JJ distinction|NN ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, the|DT strongest|JJS First|CD Amendment|NNP argument|NN is|VBZ about|IN the|DT retrospective|NN extension|NN ,|, because|IN of|IN a|DT fundamental|JJ change|NN that|WDT occurs|VBZ when|WRB Congress|NNP extends|VBZ subsisting|VBG copyrights|NNS ,|, rather|RB than|IN when|WRB Congress|NNP legislates|NNS prospectively|RB .|. 
When|WRB Congress|NNP legislates|NNS prospectively|RB ,|, it|PRP has|VBZ no|DT way|NN to|TO know|VB who|WP 's|VBZ going|VBG to|TO benefit|VB from|IN its|PRP$ extension|NN .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ simply|RB evaluating|VBG what|WP the|DT term|NN should|MD be|VB prospectively|RB in|IN a|DT way|NN that|IN we|PRP presume|NN this|DT Court|NNP should|MD presume|NN is|VBZ legitimate|JJ under|IN the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP .|. 
When|WRB it|PRP legislates|NNS retrospectively|RB ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ ,|, in|IN effect|NN ,|, looking|VBG at|IN particular|JJ authors|NNS and|CC estates|NNS of|IN authors|NNS who|WP are|VBP before|IN Congress|NNP asking|VBG for|IN this|DT extension|NN ,|, and|CC it|PRP 's|VBZ choosing|VBG between|IN these|DT particular|JJ authors|NNS and|CC the|DT public|NN at|IN large|JJ .|. 
Now|RB ,|, it|PRP may|MD be|VB that|IN in|IN exercising|VBG that|DT choice|NN in|IN this|DT case|NN ,|, Congress|NNP made|VBD an|DT objective|NN valuation|NN of|IN who|WP would|MD be|VB in|IN the|DT best|JJS position|NN to|TO advance|VB the|DT interests|NNS of|IN promoting|VBG the|DT progress|NN of|IN science|NN ,|, or|CC any|DT original|JJ --|: 
But|CC you|PRP --|: under|IN your|PRP$ intermediate|JJ scrutiny|NN test|NN we|PRP would|MD not|RB be|VB hypothesizing|VBG what|WP might|MD have|VB been|VBN in|IN Congress|NNP 's|POS mind|NN .|. 
Your|PRP$ First|CD Amendment|NNP test|NN is|VBZ a|DT stringent|JJ one|CD .|. 
You|PRP have|VBP to|TO have|VB an|DT important|JJ purpose|NN ,|, and|CC the|DT means|NNS that|IN you|PRP use|VBP is|VBZ necessarily|RB tied|VBN to|TO that|DT purpose|NN .|. 
If|IN you|PRP take|VBP that|DT position|NN ,|, I|PRP do|VBP n't|RB see|VB how|WRB you|PRP make|VBP the|DT retroactive-prospective|JJ line|NN work|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, the|DT line|NN comes|VBZ from|IN deciding|VBG what|WP the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP interest|NN is|VBZ ,|, and|CC if|IN this|DT Court|NNP heed|NN the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP interest|NN off|RP of|IN this|DT difference|NN between|IN selecting|VBG who|WP gets|VBZ the|DT benefit|NN of|IN 20|CD years|NNS of|IN extension|NN and|CC just|RB simply|RB legislating|NN in|IN a|DT general|JJ way|NN prospectively|RB ,|, then|RB this|DT Court|NNP could|MD hold|VB ,|, with|IN respect|NN to|TO the|DT prospective|JJ ,|, that|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB even|RB necessary|JJ to|TO raise|VB the|DT intermediate|JJ scrutiny|NN in|IN that|DT context|NN ,|, but|CC again|RB ,|, for|IN Ashwander|NNP reasons|NNS we|PRP do|VBP n't|RB think|VB that|IN this|DT Court|NNP should|MD address|VB the|DT prospective|JJ aspect|NN of|IN the|DT CTEA|NNP even|RB under|IN the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP .|. 
Even|RB though|IN Congress|NNP 's|POS pattern|NN has|VBZ been|VBN to|TO treat|VB all|DT authors|NNS equally|RB ?|. 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, the|DT reason|NN that|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ been|VBN prospective|JJ and|CC retrospective|NN is|VBZ that|IN people|NNS should|MD be|VB ,|, people|NNS who|WP hold|VBP copyrights|NNS should|MD be|VB subject|JJ to|TO the|DT same|JJ regime|NN and|CC not|RB have|VB some|DT people|NNS who|WP got|VBD their|PRP$ copyrights|NNS the|DT week|NN before|IN the|DT law|NN passed|VBN treated|VBN differently|RB than|IN people|NNS who|WP got|VBD it|PRP the|DT week|NN after|IN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, Justice|NNP ,|, that|WDT certainly|RB is|VBZ the|DT reason|NN the|DT Government|NNP offers|VBZ for|IN this|DT pattern|NN .|. 
It|PRP ,|, of|IN course|NN ,|, does|VBZ n't|RB explain|VB actually|RB what|WP Congress|NNP has|VBZ done|VBN and|CC ,|, even|RB in|IN this|DT case|NN ,|, when|WRB a|DT work|NN has|VBZ passed|VBN into|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN ,|, then|RB there|EX is|VBZ precisely|RB the|DT same|JJ week|NN before|IN /|NN week|NN after|IN problem|NN that|IN you|PRP advert|NN to|TO ,|, that|DT extension|NN does|VBZ not|RB extend|VB to|TO all|DT subsisting|VBG works|VBZ ,|, it|PRP only|RB extends|VBZ to|TO all|DT subsisting|VBG copyrights|NNS .|. 
So|RB that|DT line|NN is|VBZ already|RB drawn|VBN in|IN the|DT practice|NN that|IN Congress|NNP has|VBZ adopted|VBN ,|, but|CC our|PRP$ point|NN is|VBZ ,|, the|DT only|JJ way|NN to|TO assure|VB --|: 
But|CC Congress|NNP has|VBZ --|: or|CC ,|, you|PRP 're|VBP not|RB disputing|VBG that|IN Congress|NNP has|VBZ always|RB made|VBN these|DT extensions|NNS ,|, both|DT retroactive|JJ and|CC prospective|JJ ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, in|IN 1831|CD it|PRP did|VBD not|RB .|. 
In|IN 1831|CD it|PRP granted|VBD the|DT benefit|NN of|IN its|PRP$ extension|NN to|TO a|DT subset|NN of|IN all|DT subsisting|VBG copyright|NN holders|NNS .|. 
Let|VB 's|POS stick|VB with|IN 1976|CD .|. 
In|IN 1976|CD --|: 
Because|IN that|DT was|VBD what|WP you|PRP said|VBD --|: that|DT 's|VBZ --|: the|DT pattern|NN under|IN the|DT CTEA|NNP is|VBZ identical|JJ to|TO the|DT one|CD in|IN the|NNP '|POS 76|CD act|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ absolutely|RB right|NN ,|, yes|UH .|. 
So|IN they|PRP have|VBP extended|VBN it|PRP to|TO both|DT .|. 
But|CC our|PRP$ argument|NN is|VBZ ,|, unless|IN this|DT Court|NNP draws|VBZ a|DT line|NN about|IN this|DT extension|NN ,|, then|RB for|IN the|DT reasons|VBZ Judge|NNP Sentelle|NNP suggested|VBD below|IN ,|, there|EX will|MD be|VB no|DT limit|NN to|TO Congress|NNP 's|POS ability|NN to|TO --|: 
Judge|NNP Sentelle|NNP did|VBD not|RB deal|VB with|IN the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP ,|, as|RB far|RB as|IN I|PRP --|: 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
--|: recall|VB .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
And|CC so|IN I|PRP 'm|VBP asking|VBG you|PRP --|: perhaps|RB I|PRP 'm|VBP missing|VBG it|PRP .|. 
I|PRP have|VBP n't|RB seen|VBN where|WRB you|PRP get|VBP the|DT prospective-retrospective|JJ in|IN connection|NN with|IN your|PRP$ First|CD Amendment|NNP .|. 
It|PRP seems|VBZ that|IN you|PRP 're|VBP just|RB saying|VBG there|RB that|IN 70|CD years|NNS is|VBZ an|DT unreasonable|JJ --|: is|VBZ not|RB necessary|JJ .|. 
Yes|UH .|. 
And|CC it|PRP does|VBZ n't|RB serve|VB an|DT important|JJ purpose|NN .|. 
Precisely--actually|NNP ,|, we|PRP 're|VBP not|RB saying|VBG anything|NN about|IN the|DT 70|CD years|NNS in|IN this|DT case|NN even|RB under|IN the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP ,|, because|IN we|PRP believe|VBP it|PRP 's|VBZ unseverable|JJ ,|, but|CC --|: 
But|CC I|PRP thought|VBD you|PRP were|VBD saying|VBG that|IN if|IN you|PRP accept|VBP the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN argument|NN ,|, then|RB you|PRP have|VBP a|DT way|NN ,|, in|IN effect|NN ,|, of|IN devaluing|VBG the|DT Government|NNP 's|POS claim|NN of|IN its|PRP$ important|JJ interest|NN and|CC important|JJ objective|NN when|WRB you|PRP get|VBP to|TO the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP intermediate|JJ scrutiny|NN analysis|NN .|. 
Whereas|IN if|IN you|PRP do|VBP n't|RB accept|VB the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN claim|NN ,|, then|RB ,|, in|IN order|NN to|TO make|VB the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP analysis|NN we|PRP 've|VBP simply|RB got|VBN to|TO say|VB ,|, well|RB ,|, gee|NN ,|, is|VBZ the|DT promotion|NN of|IN useful|JJ art|NN and|CC so|RB on|IN more|RBR important|JJ than|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN ,|, and|CC can|MD we|PRP say|VB that|IN that|DT allows|VBZ a|DT distinction|NN between|IN 50|CD years|NNS and|CC 70|CD years|NNS ?|. 
We|PRP 're|VBP pretty|RB much|JJ at|IN sea|NN ,|, so|IN I|PRP thought|VBD your|PRP$ Copyright|NNP Clause|NN argument|NN was|VBD necessary|JJ to|TO give|VB us|PRP some|DT handle|VB with|IN which|WDT to|TO deal|VB with|IN the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP .|. 
Our|PRP$ Copyright|NNP Clause|NN argument|NN is|VBZ certainly|RB a|DT way|NN of|IN framing|VBG why|WRB extensions|NNS of|IN subsisting|VBG terms|NNS can|MD not|RB be|VB seen|VBN to|TO promote|VB the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP interest|NN of|IN speech|NN at|IN all|DT .|. 
Okay|UH .|. 
Let|VB 's|POS assume|VB we|PRP do|VBP n't|RB --|: for|IN the|DT sake|NN of|IN argument|NN here|RB ,|, let|VB 's|POS assume|VB we|PRP do|VBP n't|RB accept|VB the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN argument|NN .|. 
Do|VBP you|PRP have|VB an|DT independent|JJ First|CD Amendment|NNP argument|NN in|IN your|PRP$ brief|JJ ?|. 
Yes|UH ,|, of|IN course|NN we|PRP do|VBP .|. 
Okay|UH ,|, and|CC it|PRP is|VBZ --|: tell|VB me|PRP in|IN a|DT sentence|NN or|CC two|CD what|WP it|PRP is|VBZ .|. 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, at|IN that|DT point|NN I|PRP 'm|VBP where|WRB Justice|NNP Ginsburg|NNP is|VBZ .|. 
Yes|UH .|. 
The|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP argument|NN we|PRP 've|VBP argued|VBN in|IN our|PRP$ brief|JJ is|VBZ with|IN respect|NN to|TO the|DT retrospective|NN extension|NN ,|, and|CC the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP argument|NN is|VBZ ,|, that|WDT needs|VBZ to|TO --|: 
No|DT ,|, but|CC that|DT 's|VBZ the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN argument|NN ,|, and|CC it|PRP seems|VBZ to|TO me|PRP you|PRP 're|VBP saying|VBG ,|, okay|JJ ,|, we|PRP then|RB apply|VBP that|IN in|IN First|CD Amendment|NNP analysis|NN ,|, which|WDT allows|VBZ us|PRP to|TO make|VB a|DT coherent|JJ intermediate|JJ scrutiny|NN argument|NN .|. 
If|IN we|PRP do|VBP n't|RB accept|VB the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN retrospectivity|NN argument|NN --|: 
Yes|UH .|. 
--|: then|RB what|WP is|VBZ your|PRP$ First|CD Amendment|NNP argument|NN ?|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|NN ,|, I|PRP 'm|VBP sorry|JJ ,|, Justice|NNP .|. 
What|WP I|PRP 'm|VBP saying|NN is|VBZ not|RB that|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ the|DT retrospectivity|NN that|WDT makes|VBZ the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP argument|NN troubling|JJ --|: I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, that|IN drives|VBZ our|PRP$ First|CD Amendment|NNP argument|NN .|. 
All|DT I|PRP 'm|VBP saying|VBG is|VBZ ,|, we|PRP have|VBP addressed|VBN the|DT retrospective|NN portion|NN of|IN CTEA|NNP ,|, and|CC so|IN I|PRP 'm|VBP saying|VBG in|IN the|DT retrospective|NN portion|NN of|IN CTEA|NNP you|PRP would|MD apply|VB ordinary|JJ ,|, intermediate|JJ First|CD Amendment|NNP review|NN ,|, and|CC you|PRP would|MD ask|VB --|: 
Well|RB ,|, this|DT Court|NNP really|RB has|VBZ not|RB --|: if|IN you|PRP say|VBP that|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN is|VBZ not|RB violated|VBN ,|, I|PRP do|VBP n't|RB think|VB there|EX are|VBP examples|NNS where|WRB this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ then|RB resorted|JJ to|TO First|CD Amendment|NNP analysis|NN to|TO invalidate|NN the|DT same|JJ act|NN .|. 
Well|RB --|: 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, this|DT would|MD be|VB quite|RB a|DT new|JJ proposition|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, Justice|NNP O|NNP '|POS Connor|NNP ,|, the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP is|VBZ always|RB an|DT independent|JJ limitation|NN on|IN what|WP otherwise|RB would|MD be|VB legitimate|JJ exercises|NNS of|IN congressional|JJ authority|NN ,|, so|IN this|DT --|: 
Yes|UH ,|, but|CC the|DT Framers|NNP seem|VBP adopted|VBN these|DT two|CD things|NNS at|IN the|DT same|JJ time|NN --|: 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
--|: in|IN effect|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|NN ,|, and|CC if|IN --|: 
And|CC I|PRP think|VBP there|EX are|VBP not|RB to|TO have|VB examples|NNS that|IN I|PRP can|MD think|VB of|IN where|WRB we|PRP have|VBP said|VBN ,|, well|RB ,|, we|PRP 'll|MD analyze|VB it|PRP under|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN ,|, but|CC if|IN that|DT fails|VBZ we|PRP 'll|MD turn|RB to|TO the|DT First|CD Amendment|NNP .|. 
Justice|NNP ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
If|IN only|RB we|PRP had|VBD the|DT Framers|NNP '|POS copyright|NN before|IN us|PRP ,|, because|IN of|IN course|NN ,|, again|RB remember|VB ,|, the|DT exclusive|JJ right|NN the|DT Framers|NNP spoke|VBD of|IN was|VBD the|DT right|NN to|TO print|VB and|CC publish|VB .|. 
It|PRP did|VBD n't|RB include|VB the|DT derivative|JJ rights|NNS ,|, it|PRP did|VBD n't|RB include|VB the|DT display|NN rights|NNS ,|, and|CC it|PRP certainly|RB --|: 
Right|RB .|. 
It|PRP has|VBZ expanded|VBN very|RB much|RB ,|, and|CC they|PRP also|RB envisioned|VBN a|DT very|RB short|JJ term|NN ,|, and|CC I|PRP can|MD find|VB a|DT lot|NN of|IN fault|NN with|IN what|WP Congress|NNP did|VBD here|RB --|: 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
--|: because|IN it|PRP does|VBZ take|VB a|DT lot|NN of|IN things|NNS out|IN of|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN that|IN one|PRP would|MD think|VB that|DT someone|NN in|IN Congress|NNP would|MD want|VB to|TO think|VB hard|RB about|IN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
But|CC having|VBG done|VBN that|IN ,|, it|PRP 's|VBZ very|RB difficult|JJ to|TO find|VB the|DT basis|NN in|IN the|DT Constitution|NNP for|IN saying|VBG it|PRP is|VBZ n't|RB a|DT limited|JJ term|NN .|. 
It|PRP 's|VBZ longer|JJR than|IN one|PRP might|MD think|VB desirable|JJ --|: 
Right|RB .|. 
--|: but|CC is|VBZ it|PRP not|RB limited|JJ ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, if|IN it|PRP is|VBZ limited|VBN ,|, then|RB there|EX is|VBZ no|DT limit|NN to|TO the|DT ability|NN of|IN Congress|NNP to|TO extend|VB subsisting|VBG terms|NNS ,|, and|CC that|WDT fundamentally|RB destroys|VBZ the|DT objective|NN that|IN the|DT --|: 
The|DT rule|NN against|IN perpetuities|NNS might|MD jump|VB in|IN there|RB at|IN some|DT point|NN .|. 
Right|RB ,|, and|CC we|PRP submit|VBP the|DT Framers|NNP had|VBD something|NN very|RB different|JJ in|IN mind|NN than|IN the|DT rule|NN against|IN perpetuities|NNS .|. 
The|DT point|NN is|VBZ ,|, if|IN this|DT is|VBZ permitted|VBN ,|, then|RB there|EX is|VBZ no|DT limit|NN to|TO the|DT ability|NN to|TO extend|VB terms|NNS ,|, and|CC that|DT is|VBZ precisely|RB contrary|JJ to|TO what|WP the|DT Framers|NNP had|VBD in|IN mind|NN when|WRB they|PRP worried|VBD about|IN this|DT problem|NN originally|RB .|. 
What|WP was|VBD the|DT problem|NN they|PRP were|VBD solving|VBG ?|. 
It|PRP was|VBD ,|, as|IN this|DT Court|NNP stated|VBD in|IN Graham|NNP --|: 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP could|MD agree|VB with|IN you|PRP ,|, in|IN terms|NNS of|IN policy|NN ,|, that|IN this|DT flies|VBZ directly|RB in|IN the|DT face|NN of|IN what|WP the|DT Framers|NNP had|VBD in|IN mind|NN ,|, absolutely|RB .|. 
But|CC does|VBZ it|PRP violate|VBP the|DT Constitution|NNP ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, if|IN it|PRP flies|VBZ in|IN the|DT face|NN of|IN what|WP the|DT Framers|NNP had|VBD in|IN mind|NN ,|, then|RB the|DT question|NN is|VBZ ,|, is|VBZ there|EX a|DT way|NN of|IN interpreting|VBG their|PRP$ words|NNS that|WDT gives|VBZ effect|NN to|TO what|WP they|PRP had|VBD in|IN mind|NN ,|, and|CC the|DT answer|NN is|VBZ yes|UH .|. 
Well|RB ,|, you|PRP know|VBP ,|, certainly|RB what|WP is|VBZ happening|VBG in|IN the|DT country|NN today|NN in|IN the|DT way|NN of|IN congressional|JJ --|: under|IN the|DT Commerce|NNP Clause|NN is|VBZ totally|RB different|JJ than|IN what|WP the|DT Framers|NNP had|VBD in|IN mind|NN ,|, but|CC we|PRP 've|VBP never|RB felt|VBN that|IN that|DT was|VBD the|DT criterion|NN .|. 
What|WP the|DT Framers|NNP thought|VBD of|IN ,|, there|EX were|VBD n't|RB steamboats|NNS ,|, there|EX were|VBD n't|RB railroads|NNS .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
We|PRP 've|VBP said|VBN there|EX was|VBD a|DT general|JJ grant|NN ,|, and|CC that|IN Congress|NNP was|VBD free|JJ to|TO run|VB with|IN it|PRP in|IN many|JJ respects|VBZ .|. 
In|IN many|JJ respects|NNS ,|, Mr.|NN Chief|NNP Justice|NNP ,|, but|CC ,|, as|IN this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ also|RB said|VBN ,|, there|EX are|VBP limits|NNS to|TO what|WP Congress|NNP can|MD do|VB under|IN the|DT Commerce|NNP Clause|NN .|. 
But|CC is|VBZ n't|RB --|: 
Can|MD I|PRP ask|VB you|PRP about|IN one|CD of|IN the|DT limits|NNS ,|, just|RB focusing|VBG on|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN and|CC the|DT progress|NN of|IN science|NN and|CC useful|JJ arts|NNS ?|. 
In|IN your|PRP$ view|NN ,|, does|VBZ that|IN --|: is|VBZ that|IN limited|VBN to|TO encouraging|VBG creativity|NN by|IN authors|NNS and|CC inventors|NNS ,|, or|CC does|VBZ it|PRP also|RB include|VBP the|DT distribution|NN of|IN materials|NNS that|WDT might|MD not|RB otherwise|RB be|VB distributed|VBN ,|, like|IN old|JJ films|NNS and|CC so|RB forth|RB ?|. 
We|PRP 're|VBP happy|JJ to|TO adopt|VB a|DT broader|JJR interpretation|NN of|IN what|WP promote|VB the|DT progress|NN is|VBZ about|IN ,|, within|IN the|DT general|JJ framework|NN that|IN the|DT Framers|NNP established|VBD in|IN light|NN of|IN the|DT English|NNP practice|NN ,|, which|WDT was|VBD a|DT quid|NN pro|FW quo|NN .|. 
The|DT ability|NN to|TO facilitate|VB distribution|NN --|: 
So|RB that|IN if|IN the|DT quid|NN pro|FW quo|NN is|VBZ that|IN we|PRP can|MD facilitate|VB distribution|NN of|IN some|DT old|JJ film|NN by|IN an|DT additional|JJ monopoly|NN grant|NN ,|, you|PRP 'd|MD think|VB that|DT 's|VBZ permissible|NN ?|. 
So|RB long|RB as|IN the|DT grant|NN is|VBZ conditioned|VBN upon|IN the|DT distribution|NN .|. 
So|RB long|RB as|IN the|DT grant|NN --|: 
In|IN other|JJ words|NNS you|PRP could|MD have|VB --|: right|RB now|RB ,|, if|IN Congress|NNP decides|VBZ to|TO have|VB a|DT law|NN ,|, and|CC this|DT law|NN is|VBZ going|VBG to|TO give|VB copyrights|NNS in|IN 1|CD )|) the|DT Bible|NNP ,|, 2|CD )|) Shakespeare|NNP ,|, 3|CD )|) Ben|NNP Jonson|NNP ,|, and|CC the|DT reason|NN they|PRP do|VBP it|PRP is|VBZ that|IN they|PRP think|VBP that|IN that|DT would|MD lead|VB publishers|NNS to|TO produce|VB those|DT and|CC distribute|VB them|PRP ,|, and|CC they|PRP 're|VBP right|NN ,|, they|PRP will|MD ,|, okay|JJ ?|. 
In|IN your|PRP$ view|NN ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ perfectly|RB constitutional|JJ ?|. 
No|DT ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ the|DT view|NN of|IN the|DT Government|NNP 's|POS ,|, Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP .|. 
My|PRP$ view|NN is|VBZ --|: 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP thought|VBD that|WDT was|VBD the|DT question|NN you|PRP were|VBD getting|VBG ,|, and|CC I|PRP thought|VBD you|PRP were|VBD saying|VBG --|: I|PRP must|MD have|VB misunderstood|VBN .|. 
I|PRP thought|VBD you|PRP were|VBD saying|VBG that|WDT was|VBD constitutional|JJ .|. 
No.|NN 
What|WP we|PRP were|VBD saying|VBG is|VBZ ,|, if|IN Congress|NNP wants|VBZ to|TO permit|VB restoration|NN of|IN films|NNS ,|, for|IN example|NN ,|, an|DT issue|NN that|WDT 's|VBZ been|VBN well|RB briefed|VBN here|RB ,|, Congress|NNP can|MD say|VB ,|, if|IN you|PRP restore|VB the|DT film|NN ,|, then|RB the|DT restoration|NN gets|VBZ a|DT copyright|NN so|RB long|RB as|IN it|PRP satisfies|VBZ originality|NN as|IN outlined|VBN in|IN Feist|NNP ,|, and|CC it|PRP gets|VBZ a|DT copyright|NN for|IN a|DT period|NN of|IN time|NN .|. 
But|CC this|DT Court|NNP 's|POS opinion|NN in|IN Graham|NNP and|CC in|IN Feist|NNP made|VBD clear|JJ that|IN it|PRP could|MD not|RB extend|VB copyrights|NNS to|TO works|VBZ in|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN .|. 
The|DT Government|NNP does|VBZ n't|RB concede|VB that|IN ,|, but|CC we|PRP stand|VBP on|IN that|DT as|IN a|DT way|NN of|IN understanding|NN why|WRB this|DT Court|NNP --|: 
So|RB your|PRP$ answer|NN to|TO Justice|NNP Stevens|NNP is|VBZ no|DT ,|, they|PRP can|MD not|RB give|VB a|DT copyright|NN purely|RB for|IN purposes|NNS of|IN dissemination|NN to|TO publishers|NNS ,|, is|VBZ that|DT right|NN ?|. 
No.|NN 
Oh|UH ,|, all|DT right|JJ .|. 
They|PRP can|MD not|RB give|VB a|DT copyright|NN purely|RB for|IN purposes|NNS of|IN distribution|NN to|TO publishers|NNS .|. 
(|( They|PRP would|MD need|VB to|TO satisfy|VB all|DT of|IN the|DT implied|JJ limitations|NNS that|IN this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ expressed|VBN in|IN the|DT context|NN of|IN this|DT ,|, the|DT most|RBS carefully|RB limited|JJ clause|NN in|IN Article|NNP I|PRP ,|, section|NN 8|CD .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ one|CD of|IN the|DT --|: 
Mr.|NN Lessig|NNP ,|, the|DT clause|NN says|VBZ ,|, Congress|NNP shall|MD ,|, and|CC suppose|VB Congress|NNP decides|VBZ in|IN this|DT expanded|JJ world|NN of|IN ours|PRP that|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ going|VBG to|TO make|VB certain|JJ changes|NNS and|CC other|JJ changes|NNS from|IN our|PRP$ treaty|NN partners|NNS .|. 
Suppose|VB it|PRP well|RB ,|, the|DT Germans|NNPS led|VBD the|DT fight|NN for|IN 70|CD years|NNS in|IN the|DT European|NNP Union|NNP ,|, we|PRP 'll|MD go|VB with|IN that|DT ,|, but|CC we|PRP 're|VBP going|VBG demand|NN says|VBZ ,|, fair|JJ use|NN .|. 
Now|RB ,|, why|WRB could|MD n't|RB that|WDT fit|VB within|IN the|DT promotion|NN of|IN knowledge|NN ?|. 
Justice|NNP Ginsburg|NNP ,|, we|PRP have|VBP no|DT quarrel|VB with|IN the|DT objective|NN of|IN harmonization|NN fitting|JJ within|IN the|DT "|'' promote|VB the|DT progress|NN of|IN science|NN "|'' understanding|NN subject|JJ to|TO constitutional|JJ limitations|NNS .|. 
If|IN France|NNP adopted|VBD a|DT rule|NN that|WDT said|VBD you|PRP could|MD n't|RB grant|VB copyrights|NNS to|TO hate|VB speech|NN ,|, we|PRP could|MD not|RB harmonize|NN with|IN that|DT rule|NN consistent|JJ with|IN our|PRP$ First|CD Amendment|NNP and|CC similarly|RB ,|, as|IN Mary|NNP Beth|NNP Peters|NNP testified|VBD before|IN Congress|NNP ,|, ours|PRP is|VBZ the|DT only|RB Constitution|NNP that|WDT has|VBZ an|DT express|JJ limitation|NN on|IN terms|NNS .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ got|VBD to|TO mean|VB something|NN ,|, and|CC if|IN it|PRP means|VBZ that|IN we|PRP are|VBP limited|VBN in|IN our|PRP$ ability|NN to|TO agree|VB with|IN the|DT Europeans|NNPS as|IN they|PRP continually|RB expand|VBP the|DT term|NN in|IN light|NN of|IN their|PRP$ own|JJ vision|NN of|IN what|WP copyright|NN is|VBZ about|IN ,|, then|RB that|DT 's|VBZ the|DT meaning|NN of|IN a|DT constitutional|JJ restriction|NN .|. 
This|DT Court|NNP 's|POS interpretation|NN of|IN "|'' limited|JJ times|NNS "|'' could|MD ,|, of|IN course|NN ,|, eviscerate|NN that|DT term|NN of|IN any|DT meaning|NN ,|, but|CC under|IN the|DT principle|NN of|IN enumeration|NN as|IN this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ articulated|JJ it|PRP ,|, this|DT Court|NNP should|MD interpret|VB that|DT clause|NN in|IN a|DT way|NN that|WDT gives|VBZ its|PRP$ terms|NNS effect|NN in|IN a|DT simple|JJ way|NN .|. 
Just|RB as|IN a|DT limited|JJ addition|NN print|NN is|VBZ not|RB a|DT limited|JJ --|: is|VBZ not|RB limited|JJ if|IN each|DT time|NN a|DT customer|NN comes|VBZ in|IN a|DT new|JJ print|NN is|VBZ printed|VBN ,|, so|RB ,|, too|RB ,|, a|DT limited|JJ term|NN is|VBZ not|RB limited|JJ if|IN each|DT time|NN copyright|NN holders|NNS come|VBP to|TO Congress|NNP they|PRP can|MD extend|VB the|DT term|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
The|DT analogy|NN does|VBZ n't|RB seem|VB to|TO work|VB .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ right|JJ .|. 
All|DT that|IN I|PRP 'm|VBP suggesting|VBG is|VBZ ,|, here|RB is|VBZ a|DT plain|JJ meaning|NN of|IN the|DT term|NN that|WDT gives|VBZ effect|NN to|TO the|DT constitutional|JJ limit|NN in|IN a|DT way|NN that|WDT assures|VBZ that|IN ,|, in|IN fact|NN ,|, the|DT limit|NN is|VBZ respected|VBN ,|, contrary|JJ to|TO the|DT Government|NNP 's|POS argument|NN ,|, which|WDT ,|, in|IN effect|NN ,|, permits|VBZ Congress|NNP the|DT power|NN perpetually|RB to|TO extend|VB terms|NNS .|. 
If|IN I|PRP may|MD reserve|VB the|DT remainder|NN of|IN my|PRP$ time|NN .|. 
Very|RB well|RB ,|, Mr.|NN Lessig|NNP .|. 
General|NNP Olson|NNP ,|, we|PRP 'll|MD hear|VB from|IN you|PRP .|. 
ORAL|NNP ARGUMENT|NNP OF|IN THEODORE|NNP B.|NN OLSON|NNP ON|NNP BEHALF|NNP OF|IN THE|DT RESPONDENT|NNP 

Mr.|NN Chief|NNP Justice|NNP ,|, and|CC may|MD it|PRP please|VB the|DT Court|NNP :|: The|DT questions|NNS today|NN ,|, especially|RB the|DT initial|JJ questions|NNS ,|, suggest|VBP one|CD of|IN the|DT many|JJ insurmountable|JJ obstacles|NNS to|TO petitioners|NNS '|POS petition|NN in|IN ,|, position|NN in|IN this|DT case|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ that|IN the|DT first|JJ Congress|NNP explicitly|RB gave|VBD copyright|NN protection|NN to|TO the|DT authors|NNS of|IN any|DT books|NNS already|RB printed|VBN as|RB well|RB as|IN explicitly|RB the|DT owners|NNS of|IN existing|VBG copyrights|NNS .|. 
Thereafter|RB ,|, in|IN 1831|CD ,|, 1909|CD ,|, 1976|CD ,|, and|CC 1998|CD ,|, and|CC in|IN numerous|JJ private|JJ copyright|NN bills|NNS and|CC temporary|JJ extensions|NNS of|IN the|DT copyright|NN law|NN and|CC in|IN repeated|VBN patent|NN law|NN revisions|NNS ,|, Congress|NNP extended|VBD the|DT terms|NNS of|IN Federal|NNP copyright|NN and|CC patent|NN protection|NN of|IN subsisting|VBG works|VBZ .|. 
As|IN this|DT Court|NNP explained|VBD 100|CD and|CC some|DT years|NNS ago|RB in|IN its|PRP$ Burrows-|NNP Giles|NNP opinion|NN ,|, such|JJ constructions|NNS are|VBP accorded|VBN very|RB great|JJ weight|NN and|CC ,|, as|IN that|DT Court|NNP went|VBD on|IN to|TO say|VB ,|, when|WRB consistent|JJ and|CC unchallenged|JJ for|IN over|IN a|DT century|NN are|NN almost|RB conclusive|JJ that|IN consistent|JJ construction|NN by|IN Congress|NNP of|IN its|PRP$ authority|NN under|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP and|CC Patent|NNP Clause|NN now|RB has|VBZ lasted|VBN from|IN the|DT 105th|CD --|: from|IN the|DT first|JJ through|IN the|DT 105th|CD Congress|NNP .|. 
It|PRP has|VBZ been|VBN sustained|VBN by|IN Justices|NNPS of|IN this|DT Court|NNP and|CC early|JJ decisions|NNS of|IN this|DT Court|NNP .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ consistent|JJ with|IN what|WP the|DT law|NN of|IN England|NNP was|VBD from|IN the|DT Statute|NNP of|IN Anne|NNP --|: 
Yes|UH ,|, but|CC take|VB one|CD of|IN the|DT early|JJ extensions|NNS ,|, just|RB extending|VBG a|SYM --|: an|DT already|RB granted|VBN patent|NN to|TO an|DT inventor|NN for|IN an|DT extra|JJ 10|CD years|NNS .|. 
How|WRB can|MD that|WDT be|VB squared|VBN with|IN the|DT language|NN of|IN the|DT provision|NN ?|. 
Maybe|RB Congress|NNP did|VBD it|PRP ,|, but|CC maybe|RB it|PRP acted|VBD improperly|RB when|WRB it|PRP did|VBD it|PRP .|. 
Well|RB ,|, the|DT Congress|NNP --|: 
And|CC that|DT 's|VBZ our|PRP$ question|NN ,|, really|RB .|. 
Well|RB ,|, that|IN --|: it|PRP seems|VBZ to|TO me|PRP that|IN there|EX may|MD be|VB --|: this|DT is|VBZ --|: the|DT clause|NN itself|PRP is|VBZ a|DT very|RB ,|, very|RB broad|JJ grant|NN .|. 
It|PRP says|VBZ the|DT --|: 
Do|VBP you|PRP view|VBP it|PRP as|IN entirely|RB a|DT grant|NN ,|, or|CC do|VBP you|PRP think|VBP it|PRP also|RB contains|VBZ limitations|NNS ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP think|VBP that|IN to|TO the|DT extent|NN that|IN there|EX may|MD be|VB limitations|NNS ,|, Justice|NNP Stevens|NNP ,|, they|PRP are|VBP --|: require|VB considerable|JJ deference|NN by|IN this|DT Court|NNP to|TO the|DT judgment|NN of|IN Congress|NNP --|: 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP understand|VBP that|RB ,|, but|CC do|VBP you|PRP --|: I|PRP 'd|MD be|VB interested|JJ in|IN knowing|VBG ,|, do|VBP you|PRP think|VBP it|PRP does|VBZ contain|VB limitations|NNS ?|. 
It|PRP contains|VBZ --|: the|DT clause|NN itself|PRP contains|VBZ limitations|NNS ,|, limited|JJ times|NNS ,|, authors|NNS ,|, exclusive|JJ rights|NNS and|CC things|NNS of|IN that|DT nature|NN .|. 
I|PRP do|VBP n't|RB think|VB --|: and|CC the|DT petitioners|NNS expressly|RB disclaim|NN the|DT assertion|NN that|IN any|DT substantive|JJ limitations|NNS in|IN the|DT "|'' Promote|NNP the-|NN Clause|NN .|. 
What|WP the|DT Framers|NNP were|VBD saying|VBG is|VBZ ,|, we|PRP want|VBP to|TO give|VB Congress|NNP the|DT authority|NN to|TO promote|VB the|DT progress|NN of|IN useful|JJ arts|NNS and|CC sciences|NNS ,|, and|CC --|: 
How|WRB did|VBD the|DT example|NN we|PRP just|RB talked|VBD about|IN ,|, a|DT patentee|NN giving|VBG an|DT extra|JJ 10|CD years|NNS on|IN his|PRP$ --|: how|WRB does|VBZ that|WDT promote|VBP the|DT progress|NN of|IN science|NN ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, it|PRP may|MD provide|VB additional|JJ incentives|NNS for|IN the|DT patentee|NN to|TO exploit|VB and|CC promote|VB and|CC disseminate|VB that|IN particular|JJ work|NN .|. 
With|IN respect|NN to|TO creative|JJ works|NNS like|IN works|NNS of|IN art|NN ,|, books|NNS and|CC that|DT sort|NN of|IN thing|NN ,|, it|PRP 20|CD patentee|NN ,|, that|IN there|EX was|VBD a|DT bargain|NN in|IN effect|NN between|IN the|DT inventor|NN and|CC the|DT Government|NNP that|IN at|IN a|DT certain|JJ period|NN of|IN time|NN it|PRP would|MD become|VB part|NN of|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN .|. 
It|PRP seems|VBZ to|TO me|PRP it|PRP 's|VBZ inconsistent|JJ with|IN that|DT .|. 
I|PRP 'm|VBP just|RB concentrating|VBG on|IN our|PRP$ and|CC I|PRP 'm|VBP wondering|VBG how|WRB that|WDT fits|VBZ into|IN the|DT notion|NN 
It|PRP is|VBZ n't|RB inconsistent|JJ ,|, I|PRP submit|VBP ,|, Justice|NNP Stevens|NNP ,|, for|IN the|DT Congress|NNP to|TO exercise|VB its|PRP$ juris|NNS --|: its|PRP$ responsibility|NN under|IN this|DT broad|JJ grant|NN of|IN power|NN to|TO determine|VB that|IN there|EX could|MD be|VB many|JJ ways|NNS in|IN which|WDT the|DT holder|NN of|IN an|DT existing|VBG right|NN may|MD benefit|VB the|DT public|NN by|IN continuing|VBG to|TO have|VB that|DT right|NN for|IN an|DT additional|JJ period|NN of|IN time|NN ,|, the|DT same|JJ reason|NN that|IN Congress|NNP --|: same|JJ reasons|NNS that|IN Congress|NNP had|VBD when|WRB it|PRP created|VBD the|DT right|NN in|IN the|DT first|JJ place|NN .|. 
It|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB just|RB the|DT right|NN --|: 
No|DT ,|, the|DT reason|NN for|IN the|DT right|NN in|IN the|DT first|JJ place|NN was|VBD to|TO encourage|VB invention|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, but|CC I|PRP --|: we|PRP submit|VBP that|IN specifically|RB with|IN respect|NN to|TO the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN ,|, but|CC I|PRP think|VBP it|PRP applies|VBZ to|TO the|DT patent|NN portion|NN of|IN the|DT clause|NN at|IN all|DT ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ n't|RB just|RB the|DT invention|NN ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ n't|RB just|RB the|DT writing|NN of|IN the|DT work|NN --|: and|CC this|DT relates|VBZ to|TO the|DT questions|NNS that|WDT were|VBD asked|VBN of|IN my|PRP$ colleague|NN a|DT moment|NN ago|RB .|. 
It|PRP includes|VBZ the|DT dissemination|NN of|IN the|DT work|NN ,|, not|RB necessarily|RB --|: 
Dissemination|NNP alone|RB ?|. 
Not|RB necessarily|RB the|DT dissemination|NN alone|RB --|: 
Well|RB ,|, no|DT ,|, not|RB --|: do|VBP n't|RB say|VB not|RB necessarily|RB .|. 
I|PRP 'm|VBP --|: for|IN purposes|NNS of|IN my|PRP$ thinking|VBG about|IN it|PRP ,|, I|PRP 'd|MD like|VB to|TO know|VB ,|, imagine|VB we|PRP have|VBP just|RB dissemination|NN .|. 
That|DT something|NN is|VBZ already|RB in|IN the|DT 
That|DT 's|VBZ correct|JJ .|. 
The|DT only|JJ justification|NN for|IN the|DT extension|NN ,|, there|EX is|VBZ no|DT other|JJ ,|, is|VBZ dissemination|NN of|IN a|DT work|NN that|WDT is|VBZ already|RB in|IN existence|NN .|. 
I|PRP would|MD not|RB want|VB to|TO rule|VB that|IN out|IN ,|, Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP ,|, for|IN the|DT very|JJ reason|NN --|: 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP want|VBP to|TO say|VB ,|, do|VBP you|PRP think|VBP yes|UH or|CC no|UH ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP think|VBP that|IN it|PRP could|MD very|RB well|RB be|VB yes|UH ,|, for|IN the|DT reason|NN that|IN in|IN the|DT 1790|CD statute|NN the|DT Congress|NNP specifically|RB was|VBD aware|JJ of|IN --|: that|IN there|EX were|VBD State|NNP copyright|NN laws|NNS which|WDT did|VBD n't|RB last|JJ as|IN long|RB as|IN the|DT Federal|NNP statute|NN .|. 
Several|JJ of|IN the|DT States|NNPS had|VBD n't|RB finished|VBN enacting|VBG those|DT copyright|NN laws|NNS ,|, and|CC a|DT couple|NN of|IN States|NNPS had|VBD n't|RB enacted|VBN them|PRP at|IN all|DT .|. 
So|RB in|IN your|PRP$ opinion|NN ,|, in|IN my|PRP$ example|NN ,|, if|IN you|PRP recall|VBP it|PRP --|: 
It|PRP 's|VBZ --|: 
--|: your|PRP$ answer|NN would|MD be|VB ,|, if|IN Congress|NNP tomorrow|NN wants|VBZ to|TO give|VB a|DT copyright|NN to|TO a|DT publisher|NN solely|RB for|IN the|DT purpose|NN of|IN reproducing|VBG and|CC disseminating|VBG Ben|NNP Jonson|NNP ,|, Shakespeare|NNP ,|, it|PRP can|MD do|VB it|PRP ?|. 
It|PRP may|MD --|: 
I|PRP hate|VBP to|TO say|VB may|MD --|: 
Well|RB --|: 
--|: because|IN that|DT really|RB --|: that|DT 's|VBZ an|DT important|JJ question|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, because|IN I|PRP do|VBP n't|RB think|VB that|IN a|DT per|IN --|: I|PRP do|VBP n't|RB think|VB there|EX is|VBZ a|DT per|IN se|FW rule|NN that|WDT should|MD apply|VB here|RB because|IN this|DT is|VBZ a|DT grant|NN of|IN Congress|NNP ,|, to|TO Congress|NNP to|TO exercise|VB its|PRP$ judgment|NN as|IN to|TO what|WP may|MD be|VB beneficial|JJ .|. 
There|EX may|MD be|VB other|JJ constitutional|JJ provisions|NNS that|WDT come|VBP into|IN play|NN ,|, or|CC there|EX may|MD be|VB other|JJ existing|VBG --|: 
All|DT right|NN ,|, let|VB me|PRP explain|VB to|TO you|PRP why|WRB it|PRP 's|VBZ important|JJ to|TO me|PRP .|. 
I|PRP have|VBP a|DT list|NN .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ an|DT economic|JJ statute|NN .|. 
The|DT harms|VBZ that|WDT seem|VBP to|TO be|VB caused|VBN by|IN it|PRP ,|, the|DT extension|NN ,|, I|PRP 've|VBP listed|VBN as|IN follows|VBZ ,|, approximate|JJ numbers|NNS ,|, made|VBD up|RP ,|, but|CC magnitude|NN correct|JJ .|. 
The|DT existing|VBG copyright|NN holders|NNS who|WP survive|VBP ,|, their|PRP$ copyright|NN survives|VBZ 70|CD years|NNS ,|, who|WP have|VBP already|RB been|VBN paid|VBN ,|, on|IN the|DT numbers|NNS that|WDT were|VBD given|VBN ,|, about|IN $24|NN billion|CD or|CC more|JJR ,|, will|MD receive|VB an|DT extra|JJ $6|NN billion|CD .|. 
That|DT ,|, I|PRP take|VBP it|PRP ,|, is|VBZ a|DT harm|NN .|. 
Their|PRP$ works|NNS have|VBP already|RB been|VBN created|VBN .|. 
Harm|NNP number|NN 2|CD .|. 
The|DT fact|NN that|IN people|NNS ,|, for|IN the|DT 99|CD percent|NN of|IN the|DT copyrights|NNS that|WDT have|VBP no|DT commercial|JJ value|NN after|IN 70|CD years|NNS ,|, have|VBP to|TO find|VB the|DT copyright|NN holder|NN to|TO put|VB them|PRP in|IN databases|NNS .|. 
The|DT cost|NN of|IN that|DT ,|, on|IN my|PRP$ numbers|NNS in|IN here|RB ,|, made|VBD up|RP ,|, at|IN least|JJS a|DT billion|CD dollars|NNS ,|, or|CC they|PRP ca|MD n't|RB find|VB the|DT people|NNS at|IN all|DT and|CC get|VB permission|NN ,|, an|DT innumerable|JJ cost|NN ,|, un|NN --|: valuable|JJ cost|NN to|TO people|NNS who|WP want|VBP to|TO use|VB it|PRP .|. 
Those|DT are|VBP costs|NNS .|. 
On|IN the|DT plus|CC side|VB I|PRP see|VBP uniformity|NN ,|, dissemination|NN ,|, and|CC --|: now|RB ,|, you|PRP tell|VBP me|PRP .|. 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP also|RB see|VBP compliance|NN with|IN international|JJ competitive|JJ markets|NNS and|CC the|DT laws|NNS that|WDT are|VBP being|VBG adopted|VBN ,|, and|CC the|DT incentives|NNS --|: 
Uniformity|NNP .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ uniformity|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ not|RB just|RB uniformity|NN .|. 
It|PRP 's|VBZ providing|VBG incentive|NN to|TO people|NNS to|TO publish|VB here|RB ,|, as|IN opposed|VBN to|TO publish|VB in|IN Europe|NNP ,|, where|WRB longer|JJR terms|NNS might|MD be|VB available|JJ .|. 
There|EX is|VBZ an|DT incentive|NN to|TO distribute|VB existing|VBG works|VBZ that|WDT may|MD be|VB necessary|JJ .|. 
It|PRP 's|VBZ the|DT consistency|NN that|IN Congress|NNP is|VBZ promoting|VBG by|IN saying|VBG to|TO individuals|NNS ,|, as|IN they|PRP might|MD have|VB said|VBN when|WRB they|PRP enacted|VBD the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN in|IN the|DT first|JJ place|NN ,|, we|PRP will|MD not|RB only|RB give|VB you|PRP 14|CD years|NNS ,|, but|CC if|IN we|PRP change|VBP our|PRP$ mind|NN tomorrow|NN ,|, and|CC think|VBP that|IN a|DT better|JJR ,|, a|DT longer|JJR period|NN is|VBZ necessary|JJ ,|, we|PRP 're|VBP --|: this|DT is|VBZ consistency|NN ,|, but|CC it|PRP 's|VBZ also|RB a|DT matter|NN of|IN fairness|NN ,|, and|CC it|PRP 's|VBZ --|: 
Why|WRB --|: on|IN the|DT last|JJ point|NN ,|, it|PRP 's|VBZ --|: I|PRP 've|VBP counted|VBN that|IN as|IN zero|CD .|. 
The|DT reason|NN I|PRP 've|VBP counted|VBN it|PRP as|IN zero|CD is|VBZ it|PRP seems|VBZ to|TO me|PRP that|IN the|DT added|JJ value|NN ,|, incentive|NN value|NN to|TO produce|VB between|IN life|NN plus|CC 50|CD ,|, or|CC life|NN plus|CC 70|CD ,|, is|VBZ zero|CD .|. 
It|PRP 's|VBZ carried|VBD out|IN ,|, as|IN the|DT economists|NNS do|VBP ,|, to|TO three|CD decimal|JJ points|NNS ,|, divide|VBP by|IN 100|CD for|IN the|DT probability|NN of|IN your|PRP$ ever|RB having|VBG such|JJ a|DT work|NN ,|, and|CC you|PRP get|VBP virtually|RB zero|CD ,|, no|DT difference|NN between|IN this|DT and|CC a|DT perpetual|JJ copyright|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP think|VBP that|IN that|DT 's|VBZ a|DT very|RB good|JJ illustration|NN of|IN why|WRB the|DT authority|NN is|VBZ granted|VBN to|TO Congress|NNP ,|, because|IN if|IN you|PRP are|VBP an|DT 80|CD -|: year-old|JJ writer|NN ,|, that|WDT may|MD make|VB a|DT considerable|JJ difference|NN in|IN terms|NNS of|IN what|WP you|PRP decide|VBP to|TO do|VB .|. 
How|WRB could|MD it|PRP ?|. 
It|PRP may|MD --|: because|IN you|PRP may|MD --|: if|IN you|PRP have|VBP no|DT incentive|NN ,|, if|IN you|PRP know|VBP that|WDT go|VBP into|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN sooner|RBR rather|RB affect|VB your|PRP$ judgment|NN with|IN respect|NN to|TO --|: 
In|IN --|: I|PRP --|: this|DT is|VBZ going|VBG to|TO than|IN later|RB ,|, it|PRP may|MD 
It|PRP might|MD also|RB publisher|NN --|: what|WP the|DT publisher|NN pays|VBZ for|IN your|PRP$ prospective|JJ work|NN ,|, Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP .|. 
We|PRP --|: the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN incentive|NN provides|VBZ incentives|NNS not|RB just|RB for|IN --|: not|RB just|RB to|TO the|DT creators|NNS ,|, but|CC to|TO the|DT disseminators|NNS ,|, the|DT publishers|NNS ,|, the|DT broadcasters|NNS ,|, the|DT film|NN companies|NNS .|. 
So|IN you|PRP think|VBP ,|, say|VB ,|, Verdi|NNP ,|, Othello|NNP ,|, Verdi|NNP ,|, Othello|NNP ,|, 80|CD years|NNS old|JJ ,|, the|DT prospect|NN of|IN an|DT extra|JJ 20|CD years|NNS way|NN down|RP the|DT pike|NN would|MD have|VB made|VBN a|DT difference|NN ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP think|VBP again|RB that|WDT illustrates|VBZ why|WRB the|DT authority|NN is|VBZ vested|VBN in|IN Congress|NNP to|TO make|VB these|DT judgments|NNS rather|RB than|IN in|IN courts|NNS to|TO make|VB these|DT affect|NN whether|IN the|DT judgments|NNS ,|, because|IN we|PRP 're|VBP not|RB talking|VBG about|IN the|DT effect|NN on|IN an|DT individual|JJ author|NN ,|, or|CC an|DT individual|JJ creator|NN .|. 
What|WP the|DT Framers|NNP of|IN the|DT Constitution|NNP were|VBD concerned|VBN about|IN is|VBZ a|DT gross|JJ judgment|NN with|IN respect|NN to|TO what|WP might|MD generally|RB provide|VB incentives|NNS to|TO the|DT population|NN --|: 
But|CC it|PRP is|VBZ hard|JJ to|TO understand|VB how|WRB ,|, if|IN the|DT overall|JJ purpose|NN of|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN is|VBZ to|TO encourage|VB creative|JJ work|NN ,|, how|WRB some|DT retroactive|JJ extension|NN could|MD possibly|RB do|VB that|DT .|. 
I|PRP --|: one|CD wonders|VBZ what|WP was|VBD in|IN the|DT principle|NN 13|CD difficult|JJ principle|NN given|VBN to|TO Congress|NNP and|CC has|VBZ been|VBN exercised|VBN so|RB repeatedly|RB out|IN there|RB that|WDT would|MD ever|RB kick|VB in|RP ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ a|SYM --|: that|DT is|VBZ a|DT question|NN to|TO say|VB whether|IN there|EX is|VBZ any|DT limiting|VBG when|WRB such|JJ a|DT broad|JJ grant|NN of|IN power|NN ,|, authority|NN is|VBZ that|IN --|: 
Well|RB ,|, if|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ a|DT limited|JJ term|NN ,|, as|IN the|DT Constitution|NNP says|VBZ ,|, is|VBZ there|EX indeed|RB any|DT limit|NN out|IN there|RB ?|. 
What|WP I|PRP submit|VBP --|: well|RB ,|, first|NN of|IN all|DT ,|, even|RB the|DT petitioners|NNS acknowledge|VBP that|IN ,|, as|RB far|RB as|IN prospective|JJ limits|NNS are|VBP concerned|VBN ,|, that|WDT is|VBZ n't|RB a|DT judgment|NN that|IN this|DT Court|NNP is|VBZ being|VBG made|VBN to|TO ask|VB and|CC ,|, in|IN fact|NN ,|, the|DT petitioners|NNS acknowledge|VBP that|IN it|PRP is|VBZ n't|RB a|DT judgment|NN that|IN this|DT Court|NNP should|MD make|VB ,|, so|IN the|DT only|JJ point|NN that|IN the|DT petitioners|NNS --|: 
Well|RB ,|, if|IN Congress|NNP says|VBZ we|PRP 're|VBP going|VBG to|TO grant|VB this|DT copyright|NN indefinitely|RB ,|, forever|RB --|: 
That|DT would|MD seem|VB --|: 
--|: that|DT violates|VBZ the|DT limited|JJ term|NN ,|, does|VBZ it|PRP not|RB ?|. 
I|PRP acknowledge|VBP that|IN .|. 
And|CC anything|NN that|IN --|: 
In|IN Victorian|JJ England|NNP you|PRP could|MD buy|VB a|DT box|NN seat|NN for|IN 900|CD years|NNS .|. 
There|EX was|VBD serene|JJ complacency|NN about|IN their|PRP$ culture|NN ,|, and|CC God|NNP bless|VB them|PRP ,|, but|CC --|: 
--|: I|PRP really|RB think|VBP this|DT is|VBZ an|DT important|JJ question|NN and|CC ,|, as|IN Justice|NNP O|NNP '|POS Connor|NNP points|NNS out|IN ,|, if|IN we|PRP have|VBP to|TO ask|VB what|WP 's|VBZ the|DT most|RBS plausible|JJ explanation|NN for|IN this|DT rule|NN ,|, to|TO reward|VB existing|VBG vested|JJ interest|NN or|CC to|TO stimulate|VB former|JJ new|JJ works|NNS ,|, it|PRP seems|VBZ to|TO me|PRP that|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ probably|RB the|DT former|NN .|. 
Well|RB --|: 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, we|PRP know|VBP that|IN .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ --|: well|RB ,|, it|PRP --|: let|VB me|PRP say|VBP with|IN respond|NN --|: in|IN response|NN to|TO both|DT of|IN those|DT questions|NNS ,|, an|DT unlimited|JJ time|NN would|MD violate|VB the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN .|. 
Something|NN that|WDT was|VBD the|DT functional|JJ equivalent|NN of|IN an|DT unlimited|JJ time|NN would|MD violate|VB the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN ,|, but|CC the|DT Framers|NNP specifically|RB did|VBD not|RB put|VB in|IN numbers|NNS .|. 
They|PRP had|VBD the|DT opportunity|NN to|TO do|VB that|DT .|. 
Thomas|NNP Jefferson|NNP suggested|VBD that|IN a|DT number|NN should|MD be|VB put|VBN in|IN .|. 
We|PRP submit|VBP that|IN it|PRP would|MD be|VB --|: even|RB --|: since|IN the|DT petitioners|NNS do|VBP n't|RB suggest|VB that|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ an|DT appropriate|JJ function|NN of|IN this|DT Court|NNP ,|, certainly|RB in|IN this|DT case|NN ,|, to|TO pick|VB a|DT number|NN ,|, 133|CD years|NNS or|CC something|NN of|IN that|DT nature|NN ,|, but|CC it|PRP is|VBZ quite|RB clear|JJ that|IN Congress|NNP from|IN the|DT Statute|NNP of|IN Anne|NNP ,|, 1710|CD ,|, we|PRP have|VBP 300|CD years|NNS of|IN history|NN ,|, of|IN Congress|NNP thinking|VBG that|IN it|PRP continues|VBZ to|TO benefit|VB the|DT process|NN ,|, not|RB just|RB of|IN the|DT productivity|NN ,|, of|IN the|DT creation|NN of|IN the|DT work|NN itself|PRP ,|, but|CC the|DT dissemination|NN of|IN it|PRP to|TO provide|VB --|: 
General|NNP Olson|NNP ,|, you|PRP say|VBP that|IN the|DT functional|JJ equivalent|NN of|IN an|DT unlimited|JJ time|NN would|MD be|VB a|DT violation|NN ,|, but|CC that|DT 's|VBZ precisely|RB the|DT argument|NN that|WDT 's|VBZ being|VBG made|VBN by|IN petitioners|NNS here|RB ,|, that|IN a|DT limited|JJ time|NN which|WDT is|VBZ extendable|JJ is|VBZ the|DT functionable|JJ ,|, functional|JJ equivalent|NN of|IN an|DT unlimited|JJ time|NN ,|, a|DT limited|JJ time|NN that|IN 10|CD years|NNS from|IN now|RB can|MD be|VB extended|VBN ,|, and|CC then|RB extended|VBN again|RB ,|, and|CC extended|VBD again|RB .|. 
Why|WRB --|: their|PRP$ argument|NN is|VBZ precisely|RB that|RB ,|, a|DT limited|JJ time|NN does|VBZ n't|RB mean|VB anything|NN unless|IN it|PRP means|VBZ ,|, once|RB you|PRP have|VBP established|VBN the|DT limit|NN for|IN works|VBZ that|WDT have|VBP been|VBN created|VBN under|IN that|DT limit|NN ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ the|DT end|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, the|DT Framers|NNP had|VBD an|DT opportunity|NN to|TO say|VB immutable|JJ ,|, unalterable|JJ ,|, unamendable|JJ .|. 
They|PRP did|VBD n't|RB use|VB that|IN .|. 
They|PRP used|VBD the|DT phrase|NN ,|, limited|JJ term|NN ,|, which|WDT means|VBZ then|RB ,|, meant|VBD then|RB and|CC means|VBZ now|RB ,|, a|DT certain|JJ specified|VBN --|: 
Okay|UH ,|, assuming|VBG --|: 
--|: number|NN of|IN years|NNS under|IN the|DT 5|CD statute|NN .|. 
With|IN the|DT exception|NN of|IN a|DT limitation|NN which|WDT illustrates|VBZ the|DT distinction|NN between|IN forever|RB on|IN the|DT one|CD hand|NN and|CC a|DT definite|JJ number|NN on|IN the|DT other|JJ ,|, is|VBZ there|EX any|DT limitation|NN in|IN the|DT clause|NN ?|. 
Does|VBZ the|DT promotion|NN ,|, does|VBZ the|DT preambular|NN recitation|NN of|IN promotion|NN as|IN such|JJ place|NN a|DT limit|NN on|IN it|PRP ?|. 
I|PRP submit|VBP ,|, Justice|NNP Souter|NNP ,|, that|IN there|EX 's|VBZ no|DT per|IN se|FW limitation|NN ,|, that|IN if|IN there|EX is|VBZ ,|, as|IN Justice|NNP Scalia|NNP suggested|VBD ,|, for|IN --|: if|IN it|PRP is|VBZ true|JJ that|IN Congress|NNP ,|, having|VBG specified|VBN 14|CD years|NNS or|CC 28|CD years|NNS ,|, decides|VBZ that|WDT does|VBZ n't|RB work|VB very|RB well|RB because|IN of|IN the|DT economies|NNS of|IN other|JJ countries|NNS ,|, the|DT parade|NN of|IN constraints|NNS on|IN artists|NNS in|IN other|JJ countries|NNS ,|, the|DT reasons|NNS that|IN we|PRP want|VBP things|NNS to|TO be|VB preserved|VBN or|CC distributed|VBN ,|, it|PRP should|MD be|VB 2|CD more|JJR years|NNS ,|, or|CC 5|CD more|JJR years|NNS later|RB --|: 
Yes|UH ,|, but|CC that|DT argument|NN would|MD apply|VB to|TO new|JJ copyrights|NNS ,|, but|CC to|TO extension|NN of|IN already|RB existing|VBG copyrights|NNS your|PRP$ argument|NN does|VBZ n't|RB apply|VB .|. 
It|PRP does|VBZ apply|VB ,|, Justice|NNP Stevens|NNP ,|, because|IN --|: 
The|DT work|NN has|VBZ already|RB been|VBN created|VBN .|. 
The|DT work|NN has|VBZ already|RB been|VBN created|VBN ,|, but|CC the|DT artists|NNS that|WDT are|VBP creating|VBG works|VBZ day|NN in|IN and|CC day|NN out|IN take|NN into|IN consideration|NN the|DT fact|NN that|IN Congress|NNP has|VBZ decided|VBN ,|, there|EX 's|VBZ an|DT ease|NN of|IN administration|NN --|: 
But|CC for|IN them|PRP ,|, they|PRP get|VBP the|DT benefit|NN of|IN the|DT longer|JJR term|NN if|IN you|PRP do|VBP n't|RB apply|VB it|PRP to|TO an|DT existing|VBG copyright|NN .|. 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, if|IN you|PRP say|VBP you|PRP need|VBP 70|CD years|NNS because|IN of|IN changes|NNS in|IN the|DT economy|NN to|TO encourage|VB works|VBZ ,|, you|PRP grant|VBP 70|CD for|IN the|DT future|NN ,|, but|CC why|WRB does|VBZ that|IN ,|, making|VBG that|WDT apply|VBP to|TO somebody|NN provided|VBD him|PRP ?|. 
We|PRP 're|VBP not|RB just|RB --|: because|IN we|PRP 're|VBP not|RB just|RB talking|VBG about|IN the|DT author|NN .|. 
If|IN we|PRP --|: we|PRP 're|VBP talking|VBG about|IN --|: 
The|DT Constitution|NNP refers|VBZ to|TO the|DT authors|NNS and|CC the|DT inventors|NNS ,|, does|VBZ n't|RB it|PRP ?|. 
They|PRP 're|VBP certainly|RB the|DT prime|JJ actors|NNS in|IN this|DT scene|NN ,|, are|VBP n't|RB they|PRP ?|. 
Yes|UH ,|, but|CC all|DT of|IN the|DT history|NN of|IN the|DT development|NN of|IN these|DT clauses|NNS suggests|VBZ that|IN --|: and|CC this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ indicated|VBN in|IN its|PRP$ decisions|NNS with|IN respect|NN to|TO copyright|NN ,|, that|IN the|DT Framers|NNP were|VBD concerned|VBN and|CC the|DT Congress|NNP is|VBZ legitimately|RB concerned|VBN not|RB just|RB in|IN providing|VBG the|DT spark|NN of|IN creativity|NN ,|, but|CC to|TO make|VB sure|JJ that|IN that|DT 's|VBZ distributed|VBN widely|RB and|CC available|JJ ,|, and|CC there|EX may|MD be|VB many|JJ reasons|NNS why|WRB --|: we|PRP 're|VBP --|: we|PRP --|: 
And|CC that|IN it|PRP gets|VBZ into|IN the|DT public|JJ the|DT expiration|NN of|IN the|DT term|NN .|. 
That|DT was|VBD an|DT part|NN of|IN the|DT bargain|NN .|. 
Yes|UH ,|, and|CC what|WP --|: but|CC the|DT definition|NN of|IN the|DT term|NN was|VBD a|DT responsibility|NN vested|JJ in|IN Congress|NNP ,|, because|IN it|PRP has|VBZ the|DT power|NN --|: the|DT legislative|JJ history|NN of|IN the|DT 1998|CD act|NN itself|PRP suggests|VBZ what|WP was|VBD going|VBG on|IN here|RB and|CC suggests|VBZ why|WRB the|DT Framers|NNP gave|VBD this|DT authority|NN to|TO Congress|NNP .|. 
There|EX were|VBD numerous|JJ hearings|NNS ,|, there|EX were|VBD testimony|NN by|IN the|DT folks|NNS that|WDT represent|VBP the|DT same|JJ position|NN as|IN petitioners|NNS here|RB as|IN to|TO why|WRB this|DT should|MD n't|RB be|VB done|VBN ,|, why|WRB it|PRP should|MD be|VB that|IN this|DT done|VBN .|. 
Congress|NNP weighed|VBD --|: as|IN this|DT Court|NNP ,|, the|DT phrase|NN Court|NNP used|VBD ,|, I|PRP think|VBP it|PRP was|VBD in|IN the|DT Feist|NNP case|NN ,|, the|DT delicate|JJ balance|NN that|WDT was|VBD so|RB difficult|JJ for|IN Congress|NNP to--|JJ 
How|WRB --|: 
Okay|UH ,|, but|CC you|PRP --|: 
--|: what|WP weighs|VBZ in|IN that|DT balance|NN ,|, because|IN to|TO go|VB back|RB for|IN one|CD second|JJ ,|, in|IN practical|JJ ,|, economic|JJ terms|NNS I|PRP gather|VBP the|DT difference|NN between|IN a|DT copyright|NN that|WDT lasts|VBZ for|IN 100|CD years|NNS ,|, lasts|VBZ for|IN 1,000|CD years|NNS ,|, lasts|VBZ forever|RB ,|, is|VBZ probably|RB something|NN less|JJR than|IN 1,000|CD --|: on|IN $1,000|NN a|DT penny|NN .|. 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, it|PRP 's|VBZ a|DT penny|NN on|IN 1,000|CD ,|, or|CC probably|RB a|DT lot|NN less|JJR than|IN that|DT ,|, frankly|RB .|. 
So|IN I|PRP can|MD not|RB only|RB not|RB imagine|VB a|DT person|NN whose|WP$ decision|NN to|TO write|VB would|MD be|VB governed|VBN by|IN such|JJ a|DT thing|NN ,|, I|PRP can|MD not|RB imagine|VB a|DT European|JJ who|WP would|MD come|VB to|TO America|NNP to|TO copyright|NN his|PRP$ work|NN for|IN such|JJ a|DT reason|NN .|. 
Indeed|RB ,|, I|PRP wonder|VBP why|WRB that|IN European|JJ would|MD n't|RB come|VB anyway|RB ,|, even|RB if|IN the|DT term|NN were|VBD 10|CD years|NNS ,|, because|IN if|IN he|PRP does|VBZ n't|RB come|VB ,|, he|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB going|VBG to|TO get|VB protection|NN .|. 
Well|RB ,|, the|DT --|: 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, who|WP are|VBP these|DT people|NNS that|WDT are|VBP going|VBG to|TO be|VB moved|VBN by|IN that|DT incentive|NN ?|. 
The|DT --|: as|IN we|PRP described|VBD in|IN our|PRP$ brief|JJ ,|, in|IN pages|NNS 34|CD through|IN 36|CD ,|, I|PRP believe|VBP it|PRP is|VBZ in|IN our|PRP$ brief|JJ ,|, that|IN the|DT concerns|NNS about|IN the|DT limitation|NN on|IN exploitation|NN and|CC the|DT limitation|NN of|IN a|DT copyright|NN period|NN in|IN Europe|NNP is|VBZ based|VBN upon|IN the|DT country|NN of|IN origin|NN of|IN the|DT work|NN and|CC the|DT shortest|JJS time|NN available|JJ .|. 
So|RB that|IN there|EX may|MD be|VB differences|NNS ,|, and|CC we|PRP describe|VBP that|RB ,|, but|CC that|DT illustrates|VBZ ,|, Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP ,|, the|DT difference|NN between|IN 1|CD cents|NNS and|CC 10|CD cents|NNS and|CC $100|NN with|IN respect|NN to|TO this|DT particular|JJ author|NN who|WP 's|VBZ this|DT particular|JJ age|NN ,|, or|CC a|DT particular|JJ author|NN like|IN Melville|NNP ,|, whose|WP$ works|NNS were|VBD n't|RB --|: were|VBD n't|RB --|: did|VBD n't|RB --|: or|CC Schubert|NNP ,|, whose|WP$ works|NNS were|VBD n't|RB properly|RB appreciated|VBN or|CC exploitable|JJ until|IN many|JJ years|NNS after|IN their|PRP$ death|NN .|. 
All|DT of|IN these|DT variations|NNS are|VBP quintessentially|RB legislative|JJ judgments|NNS .|. 
It|PRP would|MD be|VB very|RB difficult|JJ for|IN the|DT Framers|NNP to|TO have|VB eschewed|VBN deciding|VBG 14|CD years|NNS was|VBD a|DT constitutional|JJ limitation|NN ,|, and|CC for|IN this|DT Court|NNP to|TO say|VB 99|CD years|NNS is|VBZ ,|, and|CC again|RB ,|, even|RB the|DT petitioners|NNS are|VBP n't|RB asking|VBG the|DT Court|NNP to|TO make|VB that|DT judgment|NN .|. 
The|DT petitioners|NNS are|VBP only|RB saying|VBG that|IN there|EX shall|MD be|VB a|DT per|IN se|FW rule|NN that|IN the|DT word|NN "|'' limited|JJ times|NNS ,|, "|'' means|VBZ unchangeable|JJ times|NNS .|. 
But|CC there|EX has|VBZ to|TO be|VB a|DT limit|NN ,|, as|IN you|PRP acknowledge|VBP .|. 
Perpetual|JJ copyright|NN is|VBZ not|RB permitted|VBN .|. 
Who|WP is|VBZ the|DT judge|NN of|IN --|: within|IN that|DT line|NN ?|. 
Who|WP is|VBZ the|DT judge|NN of|IN when|WRB it|PRP becomes|VBZ unlimited|JJ ?|. 
Is|VBZ there|RB ,|, in|IN other|JJ words|NNS ,|, judicial|JJ review|NN and|CC ,|, if|IN there|EX is|VBZ ,|, what|WP standard|JJ would|MD this|DT Court|NNP apply|VBP to|TO determine|VB whether|IN something|NN short|JJ of|IN perpetual|JJ is|VBZ still|RB unlimited|JJ ?|. 
Well|RB ,|, the|DT issue|NN before|IN this|DT Court|NNP ,|, I|PRP hasten|VB to|TO say|VB ,|, as|IN I|PRP said|VBD before|RB ,|, is|VBZ only|RB whether|IN ,|, once|RB the|DT Congress|NNP makes|VBZ that|DT judgment|NN ,|, it|PRP can|MD ever|RB change|VB it|PRP retrospectively|RB .|. 
The|DT issue|NN before|IN this|DT Court|NNP is|VBZ not|RB whether|IN ,|, in|IN the|DT future|NN ,|, a|DT certain|JJ length|NN of|IN time|NN would|MD be|VB appropriate|JJ .|. 
That|DT --|: but|CC the|DT answer|NN to|TO that|DT ,|, Justice|NNP Ginsburg|NNP ,|, I|PRP submit|VBP ,|, is|VBZ found|VBN in|IN the|DT Necessary|NNP and|CC Proper|JJ Clause|NN ,|, and|CC this|DT Court|NNP 's|POS interpretation|NN of|IN the|DT Necessary|NNP and|CC Proper|JJ Clause|NN as|IN to|TO the|DT extent|NN that|IN this|DT Court|NNP would|MD find|VB or|CC not|RB find|VB that|IN the|DT judgment|NN made|VBN by|IN Congress|NNP with|IN respect|NN to|TO the|DT implementation|NN of|IN this|DT very|RB broad|JJ power|NN is|VBZ convenient|JJ or|CC useful|JJ in|IN terms|NNS of|IN the|DT achievement|NN of|IN the|DT 2|CD goals|NNS .|. 
Okay|UH ,|, and|CC is|VBZ your|PRP$ argument|NN that|IN we|PRP find|VBP and|CC hold|VB against|IN their|PRP$ retrospective|NN because|IN there|EX is|VBZ some|DT ,|, at|IN least|JJS plausible|JJ basis|NN should|MD so|RB argument|NN ,|, to|TO say|VB that|IN there|EX can|MD be|VB a|DT causal|NN connection|NN between|IN the|DT retrospective|NN extension|NN and|CC some|DT benefit|NN that|WDT can|MD be|VB traced|VBN to|TO those|DT particular|JJ works|NNS through|IN the|DT retrospective|NN extension|NN ,|, like|IN dissemination|NN ?|. 
Is|VBZ that|IN your|PRP$ argument|NN ?|. 
That|DT is|VBZ among|IN our|PRP$ arguments|NNS ,|, Justice|NNP Souter|NNP .|. 
Is|VBZ it|PRP also|RB your|PRP$ argument|NN that|IN even|RB if|IN you|PRP can|MD not|RB trace|VB that|DT kind|NN ,|, or|CC at|IN least|JJS plausibly|RB argue|VBP that|IN there|EX could|MD be|VB that|DT kind|NN of|IN a|DT causal|NN benefit|NN ,|, that|IN it|PRP would|MD still|RB be|VB constitutional|JJ ,|, because|IN you|PRP should|MD judge|VB the|DT extension|NN simply|RB as|IN contributing|VBG to|TO a|DT general|JJ system|NN ,|, one|CD feature|NN of|IN which|WDT is|VBZ that|IN from|IN time|NN to|TO time|NN there|EX may|MD be|VB retrospective|NN extensions|NNS ,|, and|CC so|RB long|RB as|IN that|DT general|JJ system|NN induces|VBZ the|DT creation|NN of|IN works|NNS ,|, or|CC the|DT dissemination|NN of|IN works|NNS ,|, or|CC the|DT preservation|NN of|IN works|NNS ,|, so|RB long|RB as|IN the|DT general|JJ system|NN works|VBZ ,|, there|EX is|VBZ no|DT review|NN ,|, no|DT limitation|NN on|IN the|DT tinkering|NN that|WDT can|MD be|VB done|VBN ,|, even|RB retrospectively|RB ?|. 
Is|VBZ that|IN also|RB your|PRP$ argument|NN ?|. 
I|PRP think|VBP that|DT 's|VBZ a|DT fair|JJ statement|NN of|IN an|DT argument|NN that|IN we|PRP have|VBP made|VBN and|CC articulated|JJ in|IN the|DT brief|JJ --|: 
Okay|UH .|. 
--|: that|IN unless|IN there|EX is|VBZ a|SYM --|: the|DT Court|NNP is|VBZ --|: because|IN the|DT circumstances|NNS change|NN ,|, that|IN we|PRP are|VBP living|VBG in|IN an|DT era|NN now|RB where|WRB piracy|NN is|VBZ a|DT significant|JJ problem|NN ,|, there|EX 's|VBZ question|NN of|IN administrative|JJ ease|NN ,|, of|IN administering|VBG a|DT system|NN where|WRB copyrights|NNS may|MD be|VB different|JJ for|IN one|CD set|NN of|IN authors|NNS ,|, or|CC different|JJ for|IN another|DT set|NN of|IN authors|NNS ,|, there|EX 's|VBZ changes|NNS that|WDT are|VBP taking|VBG place|NN internationally|RB ,|, so|IN that|IN what|WP we|PRP 're|VBP saying|VBG is|VBZ that|IN not|RB only|RB could|MD this|DT Court|NNP conceive|VB of|IN reasons|NNS why|WRB Congress|NNP thought|VBD it|PRP was|VBD accomplishing|VBG the|DT objectives|NNS of|IN this|DT clause|NN ,|, but|CC that|IN there|EX are|VBP numerous|JJ objectives|NNS that|WDT are|VBP entirely|RB legitimate|JJ in|IN --|: 
Do|VBP you|PRP also|RB argue|VBP that|IN the|DT Necessary|NNP and|CC Proper|JJ Clause|NN alone|RB will|MD justify|VB the|DT retroactive|JJ extension|NN simply|RB as|IN a|DT matter|NN of|IN equity|NN ?|. 
Yes|UH .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ ,|, that|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN justifies|VBZ the|DT extension|NN for|IN works|VBZ not|RB yet|RB created|VBN ,|, but|CC it|PRP would|MD be|VB enormously|RB inequitable|JJ to|TO have|VB other|JJ authors|NNS who|WP put|VBP in|IN the|DT same|JJ amount|NN of|IN work|NN get|VBP a|DT lesser|JJR protection|NN ,|, so|IN the|DT Necessary|NNP and|CC Proper|JJ Clause|NN now|RB allows|VBZ you|PRP to|TO do|VB the|DT 24|CD retrospective|NN ?|. 
Yes|UH ,|, Justice|NNP Scalia|NNP ,|, and|CC the|DT examples|NNS that|WDT are|VBP --|: 
Can|MD I|PRP ask|VB you|PRP ,|, why|WRB is|VBZ it|PRP enormously|RB inequitable|JJ if|IN they|PRP get|VBP exactly|RB what|WP they|PRP were|VBD entitled|VBN to|TO at|IN the|DT time|NN they|PRP made|VBD the|DT work|NN ?|. 
The|DT implicit|JJ promise|NN that|IN --|: 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, they|PRP have|VBP some|DT right|NN to|TO expect|VB that|IN they|PRP will|MD be|VB --|: you|PRP know|VBP ,|, an|DT additional|JJ grant|NN ,|, later|RB on|RP ?|. 
I|PRP think|VBP that|DT 's|VBZ not|RB an|DT unreasonable|JJ expectation|NN at|IN all|DT ,|, Justice|NNP Stevens|NNP ,|, because|IN that|DT was|VBD the|DT premise|NN of|IN the|DT --|: 
That|DT is|VBZ the|DT way|NN it|PRP 's|VBZ always|RB been|VBN done|VBN .|. 
There|EX has|VBZ n't|RB been|VBN any|DT copyright|NN extension|NN that|WDT has|VBZ n't|RB applied|VBN to|TO subsisting|VBG work|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ --|: 
But|CC there|EX was|VBD one|CD --|: Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP brought|VBD up|RP Ben|NNP Jonson|NNP ,|, so|RB --|: this|DT case|NN does|VBZ n't|RB involve|VB works|VBZ that|WDT are|VBP already|RB in|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ correct|JJ .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ subsisting|VBG copyrights|NNS .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ correct|JJ .|. 
So|RB --|: 
But|CC why|WRB would|MD n't|RB it|PRP ?|. 
Why|WRB ?|. 
Why|WRB not|RB ?|. 
Why|WRB would|MD n't|RB it|PRP ?|. 
If|IN the|DT equity|NN argument|NN under|IN the|DT Necessary|NNP and|CC Proper|JJ Clause|NN justifies|VBZ extension|NN of|IN the|DT copyright|NN for|IN those|DT whose|WP$ copyright|NN will|MD expire|VB tomorrow|NN if|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB extended|VBN ,|, in|IN order|NN to|TO put|VB them|PRP on|IN parity|NN with|IN those|DT getting|VBG copyrights|NNS for|IN new|JJ works|NNS ,|, why|WRB does|VBZ n't|RB it|PRP apply|VBP to|TO the|DT copyright|NN ,|, the|DT holder|NN of|IN the|DT copyright|NN that|WDT expired|JJ yesterday|NN ?|. 
You|PRP could|MD arguably|RB --|: you|PRP could|MD conceivably|RB make|VB that|DT argument|NN ,|, Justice|NNP Souter|NNP ,|, but|CC there|EX is|VBZ a|DT bright|JJ line|NN there|RB .|. 
Something|NN that|WDT has|VBZ already|RB gone|VBN into|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN ,|, which|WDT other|JJ individuals|NNS or|CC companies|NNS or|CC entities|NNS may|MD then|RB have|VB acquired|VBN an|DT interest|NN in|IN ,|, or|CC rights|NNS to|TO ,|, or|CC be|VB involved|VBN in|IN disseminating|VBG --|: 
And|CC if|IN you|PRP do|VBP n't|RB --|: 
This|DT is|VBZ a|DT rational|JJ --|: 
If|IN you|PRP do|VBP n't|RB draw|VB the|DT line|NN there|RB ,|, then|RB Ben|NNP Jonson|NNP certainly|RB gets|VBZ recopyrighted|JJ .|. 
Well|RB ,|, the|DT difficulty|NN --|: 
If|IN we|PRP 're|VBP just|RB looking|VBG for|IN a|DT bright|JJ line|NN ,|, the|DT line|NN that|IN they|PRP suggest|VBP between|IN unexpired|JJ patents|NNS and|CC copyrights|NNS and|CC brand|NN new|JJ ones|NNS is|VBZ also|RB just|RB as|IN bright|JJ .|. 
Oh|UH ,|, I|PRP concede|VBP that|IN it|PRP 's|VBZ a|DT bright|JJ line|NN ,|, but|CC it|PRP 's|VBZ a|DT bright|JJ line|NN that|WDT would|MD have|VB --|: 
Except|IN Congress|NNP chose|VBD this|DT one|CD and|CC did|VBD n't|RB choose|VB the|DT other|JJ one|CD .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ --|: 
Congress|NNP --|: 
Basically|RB you|PRP 're|VBP saying|VBG the|DT presumption|NN ought|MD to|TO be|VB in|IN the|DT congressional|JJ judgment|NN about|IN how|WRB to|TO draw|VB the|DT line|NN as|RB well|RB as|IN in|IN how|WRB long|JJ a|DT line|NN to|TO draw|VB .|. 
I|PRP agree|VBP ,|, and|CC this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ --|: we|PRP 're|VBP not|RB just|RB talking|VBG about|IN the|DT judgment|NN of|IN the|DT Congress|NNP of|IN the|DT --|: the|DT 105th|CD Congress|NNP in|IN 1998|CD .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ the|DT way|NN the|DT Statute|NNP of|IN Anne|NNP was|VBD written|VBN .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ the|DT way|NN the|DT State|NNP copyright|NN laws|NNS were|VBD written|VBN when|WRB this|DT country|NN became|VBD a|DT Nation|NNP .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ the|DT way|NN the|DT 1790|CD copyright|NN statute|NN ,|, the|DT number|NN of|IN --|: 
Well|RB ,|, of|IN course|NN ,|, the|DT original|JJ statute|NN was|VBD replacing|VBG a|DT bunch|NN of|IN State|NNP statutes|NNS or|CC State|NNP rules|NNS ,|, partly|RB common|JJ law|NN ,|, partly|RB statutory|JJ ,|, that|IN --|: they|PRP had|VBD kind|NN of|IN a|DT mixed|VBN up|RB legal|JJ situation|NN ,|, and|CC there|EX was|VBD an|DT interest|NN in|IN having|VBG one|CD uniform|NN rule|NN for|IN the|DT first|JJ time|NN around|RP .|. 
Well|RB ,|, there|EX was|VBD an|DT interest|NN in|IN having|VBG a|DT uniform|NN rule|NN ,|, and|CC that|DT 's|VBZ precisely|RB why|WRB the|DT Framers|NNP created|VBD the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN in|IN the|DT Constitution|NNP ,|, but|CC there|EX was|VBD copyright|NN protection|NN in|IN some|DT States|NNPS ,|, there|EX was|VBD n't|RB copyright|NN protection|NN in|IN other|JJ States|NNPS ,|, and|CC what|WP we|PRP know|VBP from|IN the|DT decision|NN of|IN this|DT Court|NNP in|IN the|DT Wheaton|NNP decision|NN is|VBZ that|IN there|EX was|VBD not|RB a|DT common|JJ law|NN copyright|NN in|IN existence|NN .|. 
This|DT Court|NNP explicitly|RB held|VBD that|IN .|. 
Now|RB ,|, the|DT petitioners|NNS make|VBP this|DT quid|NN pro|FW quo|NN to|TO draw|VB the|DT line|NN as|RB well|RB as|IN in|IN how|WRB long|JJ a|DT line|NN 
I|PRP agree|VBP ,|, and|CC this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ --|: just|RB talking|VBG about|IN the|DT judgment|NN of|IN the|DT Congress|NNP the|DT 105th|CD Congress|NNP in|IN 1998|CD .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ the|DT way|NN the|DT argument|NN that|IN somehow|RB implicitly|RB the|DT initial|JJ 1790|CD copyright|NN statute|NN was|VBD saying|VBG to|TO people|NNS ,|, you|PRP get|VBP a|DT copyright|NN if|IN you|PRP exchange|VBP whatever|WDT existing|VBG rights|NNS you|PRP have|VBP .|. 
That|DT simply|RB does|VBZ not|RB make|VB any|DT sense|NN .|. 
There|EX is|VBZ no|DT language|NN ,|, and|CC it|PRP 's|VBZ a|DT relatively|RB late-discovered|JJ argument|NN ,|, because|IN it|PRP sees|VBZ its|PRP$ full|JJ --|: 
I|PRP want|VBP you|PRP to|TO finish|VB that|RB ,|, but|CC I|PRP want|VBP you|PRP to|TO go|VB back|RB to|TO the|DT --|: I|PRP have|VBP one|CD question|NN on|IN the|DT equity|NN principle|NN .|. 
Are|VBP you|PRP --|: I|PRP want|VBP you|PRP to|TO finish|VB .|. 
I|PRP was|VBD n't|RB finished|VBN ,|, but|CC I|PRP 'm|VBP happy|JJ to|TO come|VB back|RB .|. 
Go|VB ahead|RB .|. 
No|DT ,|, no|DT ,|, you|PRP finish|VBP 
Well|RB ,|, I|PRP was|VBD going|VBG to|TO say|VB no|DT language|NN whatsoever|RB of|IN preemption|NN ,|, abandonment|NN ,|, abrogation|NN ,|, or|CC exchange|NN in|IN the|DT 1790|CD copyright|NN ,|, but|CC compare|VB --|: Copyright|NNP Act|NNP .|. 
But|CC compare|VB that|IN to|TO thefirst|NN .|. 
there|EX 's|VBZ Patent|NNP Act|NNP under|IN the|DT same|JJ clause|NN ,|, where|WRB there|RB is|VBZ that|DT exchange|NN there|RB .|. 
The|DT other|JJ thing|NN ,|, as|IN this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ said|VBN ,|, there|EX is|VBZ no|DT implied|JJ abrogation|NN of|IN common|JJ law|NN rights|NNS which|WDT would|MD be|VB a|DT doctrine|NN which|WDT would|MD be|VB inconsistent|JJ with|IN what|WP the|DT petitioner|NN is|VBZ arguing|VBG .|. 
Now|RB --|: 
Why|WRB --|: I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, I|PRP think|VBP you|PRP have|VBP a|DT point|NN on|IN this|DT equity|NN principle|NN .|. 
I|PRP wonder|VBP ,|, is|VBZ there|EX any|DT review|NN there|RB ?|. 
That|DT is|VBZ ,|, suppose|VBP you|PRP have|VBP a|DT statute|NN ,|, as|IN this|DT one|CD arguably|RB is|VBZ ,|, where|WRB 99.9|CD percent|NN ,|, many|JJ billions|NNS of|IN dollars|NNS of|IN benefits|NNS ,|, are|VBP going|VBG to|TO the|DT existing|VBG holders|NNS of|IN copyright|NN on|IN grounds|NNS of|IN equity|NN ,|, and|CC the|DT effect|NN of|IN the|DT statute|NN in|IN eliciting|VBG new|JJ works|VBZ is|VBZ near|IN zero|CD .|. 
I|PRP mean|VBP ,|, that|WDT would|MD seem|VB --|: where|WRB this|DT equity|NN idea|NN is|VBZ the|DT camel|NN and|CC the|DT production|NN idea|NN is|VBZ the|DT gnat|NN ,|, and|CC is|VBZ there|EX any|DT --|: can|MD we|PRP say|VB something|NN like|IN that|DT ,|, or|CC does|VBZ Congress|NNP have|VB total|JJ leeway|NN in|IN respect|NN to|TO --|: 
Well|RB ,|, it|PRP --|: 
--|: who|WP they|PRP want|VBP to|TO give|VB the|DT money|NN to|TO ,|, basically|RB ?|. 
Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP ,|, it|PRP 's|VBZ conceivable|JJ that|IN the|DT Court|NNP might|MD do|VB that|DT if|IN that|DT situation|NN was|VBD present|JJ ,|, but|CC it|PRP 's|VBZ not|RB remotely|RB the|DT situation|NN here|RB .|. 
We|PRP have|VBP the|DT adoption|NN of|IN copyright|NN terms|NNS which|WDT are|VBP consistent|JJ ,|, generally|RB speaking|VBG ,|, with|IN copyright|NN terms|NNS which|WDT exist|VBP in|IN the|DT European|NNP Union|NNP ,|, our|PRP$ principal|JJ competitor|NN ,|, and|CC in|IN connection|NN with|IN international|JJ treaties|NNS .|. 
We|PRP have|VBP a|DT copyright|NN term|NN that|WDT 's|VBZ consistent|JJ with|IN the|DT concept|NN of|IN the|DT creator|NN plus|CC the|DT creator|NN 's|POS first|JJ generation|NN heirs|NNS .|. 
We|PRP have|VBP a|DT copyright|NN term|NN ,|, remember|VB ,|, which|WDT supersedes|NNS the|DT earlier|JJR copyright|NN provisions|NNS that|WDT were|VBD added|VBN to|TO the|DT period|NN between|IN creation|NN and|CC publication|NN ,|, so|IN that|IN the|DT limited|JJ number|NN of|IN years|NNS in|IN the|DT first|JJ ,|, the|DT 1790|CD and|CC the|DT 1831|CD statute|NN were|VBD the|DT number|NN of|IN years|NNS plus|CC the|DT relatively|RB unlimited|JJ period|NN of|IN time|NN between|IN creation|NN and|CC publication|NN ,|, so|IN we|PRP do|VBP n't|RB have|VB anything|NN remotely|RB like|IN that|DT in|IN this|DT situation|NN .|. 
We|PRP have|VBP a|DT process|NN which|WDT ,|, as|IN you|PRP suggested|VBD ,|, or|CC one|CD of|IN the|DT questions|NNS suggested|VBD ,|, is|VBZ --|: may|MD not|RB have|VB been|VBN the|DT policy|NN that|IN you|PRP as|IN a|DT Member|NNP of|IN Congress|NNP would|MD have|VB supported|VBN .|. 
You|PRP might|MD have|VB made|VBN the|DT balance|NN ,|, that|IN delicate|JJ balance|NN that|IN this|DT Court|NNP has|VBZ referred|VBN to|TO ,|, in|IN another|DT way|NN ,|, but|CC that|DT is|VBZ something|NN that|IN Congress|NNP ,|, through|IN its|PRP$ ability|NN to|TO gather|VB facts|NNS and|CC make|VB balances|NNS ,|, is|VBZ quintessentially|RB capable|JJ of|IN doing|VBG ,|, and|CC that|DT is|VBZ where|WRB the|DT Framers|NNP vested|JJ the|DT responsibility|NN ,|, and|CC what|WP this|DT statute|NN does|VBZ is|VBZ to|TO favor|VB ,|, if|IN at|IN all|DT ,|, the|DT creator|NN with|IN respect|NN to|TO the|DT utilization|NN of|IN these|DT rights|NNS ,|, as|IN opposed|VBN to|TO the|DT person|NN who|WP wishes|VBZ to|TO copy|VB the|DT creator|NN .|. 
That|DT 's|VBZ an|DT entirely|RB rational|JJ distinction|NN for|IN Congress|NNP to|TO make|VB .|. 
Thank|VB you|PRP .|. 
Thank|VB you|PRP ,|, General|NNP Olson|NNP .|. 
Mr.|NN Lessig|NNP ,|, you|PRP have|VBP 3|CD minutes|NNS remaining|VBG .|. 
REBUTTAL|NNP ARGUMENT|NNP OF|IN LAWRENCE|NNP LESSIG|NNP ON|NNP BEHALF|NNP OF|IN THE|DT PETITIONERS|NNP 

General|NNP Olson|NNP has|VBZ been|VBN perfectly|RB clear|JJ in|IN setting|VBG out|RP the|DT structure|NN of|IN the|DT Government|NNP 's|POS argument|NN .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ that|IN there|EX is|VBZ no|DT effective|JJ limit|NN on|IN Congress|NNP 's|POS power|NN under|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN .|. 
Now|RB ,|, were|VBD this|DT the|DT first|JJ time|NN this|DT Court|NNP had|VBD considered|VBN Congress|NNP 's|POS copyright|NN authority|NN ,|, that|WDT might|MD be|VB a|DT plausible|JJ argument|NN ,|, but|CC the|DT very|RB first|JJ time|NN this|DT Court|NNP ever|RB struck|VBD down|RP a|DT law|NN of|IN Congress|NNP as|IN exceeding|VBG Article|NNP I|PRP ,|, section|NN 8|CD power|NN was|VBD in|IN the|DT context|NN of|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN .|. 
We|PRP have|VBP 125|CD years|NNS of|IN history|NN of|IN this|DT Court|NNP making|VBG sure|JJ that|IN the|DT limits|NNS ,|, both|DT express|VB and|CC implied|VBN ,|, in|IN the|DT Copyright|NNP Clause|NN ,|, have|VBP some|DT meaning|VBG .|. 
The|DT Feist|NNP opinion|NN very|RB clearly|RB sets|VBZ out|RP the|DT implied|JJ limits|NNS ,|, a|DT per|IN se|FW limit|NN for|IN originality|NN ,|, for|IN the|DT reasons|VBZ Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP was|VBD trying|VBG to|TO get|VB me|PRP to|TO say|VB .|. 
The|DT Harper|NNP as|RB well|RB as|IN Graham|NNP set|VBD out|IN very|RB clear|JJ limits|NNS on|IN the|DT context|NN of|IN the|DT ability|NN to|TO extend|VB works|VBZ in|IN the|DT public|JJ domain|NN .|. 
Those|DT limits|NNS make|VBP no|DT sense|NN under|IN the|DT reasoning|NN the|DT Government|NNP has|VBZ offered|VBN .|. 
The|DT Government|NNP 's|POS reasoning|NN would|MD make|VB all|DT of|IN those|DT opinions|NNS irrelevant|JJ and|CC wrong|JJ .|. 
Now|RB ,|, we|PRP offer|VBP a|DT simple|JJ way|NN to|TO make|VB this|DT clear|JJ ,|, express|VB limit|NN make|NN sense|NN ,|, and|CC that|DT is|VBZ precisely|RB the|DT understanding|NN we|PRP suggest|VBP that|WDT existed|VBN in|IN 1790|CD .|. 
The|DT only|JJ precedents|NNS that|WDT existed|VBD in|IN 1790|CD were|VBD precedents|NNS of|IN setting|VBG a|DT term|NN ,|, and|CC then|RB when|WRB parliament|NN was|VBD asked|VBN in|IN 1735|CD ,|, '|'' 37|CD ,|, and|CC '|POS 39|CD to|TO extend|VB it|PRP ,|, they|PRP rejected|VBD it|PRP ,|, and|CC as|IN amicus|JJ historians|NNS said|VBD ,|, they|PRP rejected|VBD it|PRP because|IN ,|, as|IN a|DT pamphleteer|NN described|VBD it|PRP ,|, that|WDT would|MD be|VB effectively|RB a|DT perpetual|JJ term|NN .|. 
Now|RB ,|, this|DT delicate|JJ balance|NN that|IN the|DT Government|NNP invokes|VBZ ,|, Justice|NNP Breyer|NNP ,|, let|VB me|PRP give|VB you|PRP the|DT numbers|NNS .|. 
The|DT delicate|JJ balance|NN is|VBZ that|IN ,|, under|IN the|DT most|RBS reasonable|JJ assumptions|NNS of|IN copyright|NN royalty|NN income|NN and|CC under|IN our|PRP$ interest|NN rate|NN of|IN 7|CD percent|NN ,|, as|IN the|DT amicus|JJ economists|NNS note|VBP at|IN page|NN 6|CD ,|, note|NN 6|CD of|IN their|PRP$ brief|JJ ,|, the|DT current|JJ term|NN gives|VBZ authors|NNS 99.8|CD percent|NN of|IN the|DT value|NN of|IN a|DT perpetual|JJ term|NN .|. 
Now|RB ,|, that|WDT might|MD be|VB a|DT delicate|JJ balance|NN ,|, that|IN they|PRP give|VBP the|DT author|NN 99.8|CD percent|NN and|CC the|DT public|NN .2|CD percent|NN ,|, but|CC in|IN my|PRP$ mind|NN ,|, that|DT 's|VBZ delicate|JJ in|IN a|DT very|RB different|JJ sense|NN of|IN that|DT term|NN .|. 
Thank|VB you|PRP very|RB much|RB .|. 
Thank|VB you|PRP ,|, Mr.|NN Lessig|NNP .|. 
The|DT case|NN is|VBZ submitted|VBN .|. 
(|( Whereupon|NNP ,|, at|IN 11:01|NN a.m.|NN ,|, the|DT case|NN in|IN the|DT above-entitled|JJ matter|NN was|VBD submitted|VBN .|. )|) 

