The|DT debate|NN over|IN homosexuality|NN has|VBZ been|VBN one|CD of|IN the|DT most|RBS long-lasting|JJ and|CC controversial|JJ ones|NNS ever|RB .|. 
What|WP ,|, exactly|RB ,|, causes|NNS homosexuality|NN ?|. 
Some|DT would|MD say|VB it|PRP is|VBZ a|DT gene|NN ,|, passed|VBN on|IN from|IN parents|NNS to|TO child|NN .|. 
Others|NNS would|MD argue|VB that|IN it|PRP is|VBZ a|DT result|NN of|IN a|DT child|NN ’|NN s|VBZ upbringing|VBG .|. 
Still|RB more|JJR would|MD claim|VB that|IN it|PRP is|VBZ a|DT mental|JJ illness|NN that|WDT can|MD and|CC should|MD be|VB cured|VBN .|. 
Perhaps|RB then|RB ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ a|DT combination|NN of|IN some|DT of|IN these|DT ?|. 
No|DT one|NN knows|VBZ for|IN sure|JJ ,|, and|CC it|PRP is|VBZ possible|JJ no|DT one|CD ever|RB will|MD ,|, but|CC that|WDT surely|RB does|VBZ not|RB stop|VB everyone|NN from|IN coming|VBG up|RP with|IN their|PRP$ own|JJ theories|NNS and|CC beliefs|NNS on|IN the|DT matter|NN .|. 

Documented|NNP homosexuality|NN dates|NNS as|RB far|RB back|RB as|IN ancient|JJ Greece|NNP and|CC other|JJ cultures|NNS of|IN the|DT time|NN ,|, where|WRB it|PRP was|VBD considered|VBN to|TO be|VB a|DT very|RB normal|JJ and|CC natural|JJ occurrence|NN (|( Emond|NNP )|) .|. 
In|IN his|PRP$ book|NN The|DT Symposium|NNP ,|, Plato|NNP wrote|VBD “|NN Those|DT who|WP are|VBP halves|NNS of|IN a|DT man|NN whole|JJ pursue|VB males|NNS ,|, and|CC being|VBG slices|NNS ,|, so|RB to|TO speak|VB ,|, of|IN the|DT male|NN ,|, love|NN men|NNS throughout|IN their|PRP$ boyhood|NN ,|, and|CC take|VB pleasure|NN in|IN physical|JJ contact|NN with|IN men|NNS ”|NN (|( qtd|NN .|. in|IN Isay|NNP 11|CD )|) .|. 
This|DT shows|VBZ that|IN not|RB only|RB did|VBD Plato|NNP consider|VB it|PRP normal|JJ for|IN a|DT male|NN to|TO be|VB attracted|VBN to|TO another|DT male|NN ,|, he|PRP also|RB believed|VBD that|IN it|PRP began|VBD at|IN a|DT very|RB young|JJ age|NN ,|, as|IN the|DT word|NN “|NN boyhood|NN ”|NN signifies|NNS .|. 
In|IN fact|NN ,|, Plato|NNP even|RB considered|VBD love|NN between|IN two|CD members|NNS of|IN the|DT same|JJ sex|NN to|TO be|VB the|DT only|JJ “|NN real|JJ and|CC lasting|JJ love|NN ”|NN and|CC necessary|JJ for|IN democracy|NN .|. 
Furthermore|RB ,|, there|EX were|VBD many|JJ occurrences|NNS of|IN homosexual|JJ behavior|NN in|IN Greek|JJ mythology|NN ;|: Hercules|NNP is|VBZ rumored|VBN to|TO have|VB had|VBN 14|CD male|JJ lovers|NNS ,|, and|CC Zeus|NNP himself|PRP partook|NN in|IN such|JJ behavior|NN .|. 
Even|RB Homer|NNP wrote|VBD about|IN Achilles|NNP and|CC Patroclus|NNP ,|, who|WP have|VBP been|VBN considered|VBN to|TO be|VB the|DT perfect|JJ model|NN of|IN true|JJ love|NN (|( Emond|NNP )|) .|. 

But|CC it|PRP was|VBD not|RB until|IN 1869|CD that|IN the|DT term|NN “|NN homosexual|JJ ”|NN was|VBD first|RB used|VBN ,|, to|TO describe|VB “|NN a|DT man|NN or|CC woman|NN whose|WP$ feelings|NNS of|IN sexual|JJ attraction|NN are|VBP for|IN someone|NN of|IN the|DT same|JJ sex|NN ”|NN (|( Marcus|NNP 1|CD )|) .|. 
(|( However|RB ,|, for|IN the|DT purposes|NNS of|IN this|DT paper|NN ,|, homosexuality|NN will|MD be|VB looked|VBN at|IN solely|RB in|IN terms|NNS of|IN men|NNS )|) .|. 
At|IN this|DT point|NN in|IN time|NN ,|, Karl|NNP Maria|NNP Kertbeny|NNP used|VBD the|DT word|NN in|IN a|DT pamphlet|NN which|WDT fought|VBD to|TO repeal|VB the|DT current|JJ antihomosexual|NN laws|NNS of|IN Prussia|NNP .|. 
Kertbeny|NNP derived|VBD this|DT word|NN from|IN the|DT Greek|JJ word|NN for|IN “|NN same|JJ ”|NN and|CC the|DT Latin|NNP word|NN for|IN “|NN sex|NN ,|, ”|NN whereas|IN a|DT heterosexual|NN is|VBZ a|DT person|NN ”|NN whose|WP$ feelings|NNS of|IN sexual|JJ attraction|NN are|VBP for|IN the|DT opposite|JJ sex|NN ”|NN (|( Marcus|NNP 1|CD )|) .|. 

It|PRP was|VBD also|RB in|IN the|DT 1800s|NN when|WRB the|DT debate|NN itself|PRP over|IN the|DT cause|NN of|IN homosexuality|NN was|VBD started|VBN by|IN Magnus|NNP Hirschfeld|NNP ,|, a|DT physician|NN ,|, sex|NN researcher|NN ,|, leading|VBG sexologist|NN ,|, homosexual|JJ ,|, and|CC founder|NN of|IN the|DT first|JJ gay|JJ rights|NNS movement|NN in|IN Germany|NNP ,|, who|WP believed|VBD that|DT homosexuality|NN was|VBD biological|JJ in|IN nature|NN (|( Marcus|NNP 10|CD )|) .|. 
Hirschfeld|NNP also|RB founded|VBD the|DT Scientific|NNP Humanitarian|NNP committee|NN ,|, which|WDT was|VBD mostly|RB homosexual|JJ ,|, in|IN 1897|CD .|. 
The|DT committee|NN published|VBD many|JJ books|NNS and|CC other|JJ forms|NNS of|IN literature|NN ,|, which|WDT gave|VBD Hirschfeld|NNP a|DT great|JJ amount|NN of|IN prestige|NN in|IN his|PRP$ field|NN .|. 
He|PRP became|VBD known|VBN as|IN one|CD of|IN the|DT founding|NN fathers|NNS of|IN sexology|NN ,|, and|CC furthered|JJ this|DT position|NN when|WRB he|PRP opened|VBD the|DT world|NN ’|NN s|VBZ first|JJ sexological|JJ institute|NN ,|, the|DT institute|NN for|IN Sexual|NNP Science|NNP in|IN Berlin|NNP ,|, in|IN 1919|CD ,|, which|WDT was|VBD destroyed|VBN by|IN the|DT Nazis|NNPS 15|CD years|NNS later|RB .|. 
Hirschfeld|NNP largely|RB supported|VBD the|DT Urning|NNP theory|NN of|IN Karl|NNP Ulrichs|NNP ,|, with|IN minor|JJ additions|NNS ;|: he|PRP believed|VBD in|IN some|DT hormonal|NN theories|NNS as|IN a|DT cause|NN of|IN homosexuality|NN ,|, but|CC this|DT only|RB led|VBN to|TO unsuccessful|JJ attempts|NNS to|TO “|NN cure|NN ”|NN homosexuals|NNS with|IN the|DT use|NN of|IN hormone|NN injections|NNS .|. 
This|DT theory|NN ,|, which|WDT defined|VBD Urnings|NNP as|IN males|NNS who|WP turned|VBD to|TO other|JJ males|NNS as|IN sexual|JJ partners|NNS ,|, was|VBD published|VBN in|IN twelve|CD pamphlets|NNS by|IN Ulrichs|NNP ,|, starting|VBG in|IN 1864|CD .|. 
The|DT first|JJ ,|, Vindex|NNP ,|, defended|VBD Urnings|NNP ,|, while|IN the|DT second|NN ,|, Inclusa|NNP ,|, which|WDT followed|VBD shortly|RB after|RB ,|, described|VBD the|DT first|JJ scientific|JJ theory|NN of|IN homoerotic|JJ desire|NN .|. 
Ulrichs|NNP believed|VBD that|IN Urnings|NNP were|VBD attracted|VBN to|TO other|JJ males|NNS because|IN they|PRP were|VBD “|NN hermaphrodites|NNS of|IN the|DT mind|NN ,|, ”|NN meaning|VBG while|IN they|PRP may|MD have|VB been|VBN male|JJ in|IN body|NN ,|, they|PRP were|VBD female|JJ in|IN soul|NN and|CC mind|NN ,|, leading|VBG them|PRP to|TO be|VB naturally|RB attracted|VBN to|TO males|NNS in|IN terms|NNS of|IN sexual|JJ partners|NNS .|. 
This|DT ,|, he|PRP claimed|VBD ,|, made|VBN laws|NNS such|JJ as|IN paragraph|NN 175|CD ,|, a|DT law|NN adopted|VBN by|IN King|NNP William|NNP I|PRP throughout|IN the|DT German|NNP Kingdoms|NNP at|IN the|DT time|NN of|IN their|PRP$ unification|NN which|WDT forbade|VBD sex|NN between|IN males|NNS ,|, and|CC forced|VBD criminal|JJ penalties|NNS upon|IN individuals|NNS partaking|VBG in|IN such|JJ behavior|NN ,|, unfair|JJ and|CC unreasonable|JJ .|. 
Ulrichs|NNP claimed|VBD that|IN the|DT origin|NN of|IN such|JJ a|DT disposition|NN was|VBD natural|NN and|CC inborn|NN (|( Wikholm|NNP )|) .|. 

A|DT couple|NN thousand|CD years|NNS after|IN Plato|NNP and|CC Homer|NNP ,|, Sigmund|NNP Freud|NNP still|RB believed|VBD homosexuality|NN to|TO be|VB a|DT natural|JJ behavior|NN .|. 
In|IN an|DT interview|NN in|IN 1903|CD ,|, he|PRP professed|JJ his|PRP$ beliefs|NNS :|: “|NN I|PRP am|VBP …|NN of|IN the|DT firm|JJ conviction|NN that|IN homosexuals|NNS must|MD not|RB be|VB treated|VBN as|IN sick|JJ people|NNS …|NN Homosexual|NNP persons|NNS are|VBP not|RB sick|JJ .|. 
They|PRP also|RB do|VBP not|RB belong|VB in|IN a|DT court|NN of|IN law|NN !|. ”|NN 
(|( qtd|NN .|. in|IN Isay|NNP 3|CD )|) .|. 
In|IN 1935|CD ,|, he|PRP furthered|JJ his|PRP$ claims|NNS when|WRB he|PRP wrote|VBD a|DT now|RB famous|JJ “|NN Letter|NNP to|TO an|DT American|NNP Mother|NNP ”|NN of|IN a|DT homosexual|NN ,|, which|WDT stated|VBD that|DT “|NN Homosexuality|NNP is|VBZ assuredly|RB no|DT advantage|NN ,|, but|CC is|VBZ nothing|NN to|TO be|VB ashamed|JJ of|IN ,|, no|DT vice|NN ,|, no|DT degradation|NN ,|, it|PRP can|MD not|RB be|VB classified|VBN as|IN an|DT illness|NN …|NN Many|JJ highly|RB respectable|JJ individuals|NNS of|IN ancient|JJ and|CC modern|JJ times|NNS have|VBP been|VBN homosexuals|NNS ”|NN (|( qtd|NN .|. in|IN Isay|NNP 3|CD )|) .|. 

However|RB ,|, the|DT general|JJ public|NN of|IN the|DT 1800s|NN and|CC early|JJ 1900s|NN ,|, including|VBG the|DT medical|JJ professionals|NNS ,|, regarded|VBN homosexuality|NN as|IN a|DT curable|JJ mental|JJ illness|NN .|. 
Treatments|NNP such|JJ as|IN castration|NN ,|, hysterectomy|NN ,|, lobotomy|NN ,|, and|CC electroshock|NN therapy|NN were|VBD used|VBN as|IN attempted|VBN cures|NNS .|. 
By|IN the|DT mid|JJ 1900s|NN ,|, psychotherapy|NN became|VBD the|DT most|RBS common|JJ “|NN cure|NN ,|, ”|NN and|CC many|JJ homosexuals|NNS spent|VBD countless|JJ hours|NNS being|VBG analyzed|VBN in|IN hopes|NNS of|IN changing|VBG their|PRP$ sexual|JJ preference|NN (|( Dudley|NNP 125|CD )|) .|. 

Dr.|NN Evelyn|NNP Hooker|NNP ,|, a|DT heterosexual|NN psychologist|NN ,|, conducted|VBD a|DT ground-breaking|JJ study|NN in|IN the|DT mid|JJ 1950s|NN that|WDT went|VBD along|IN similar|JJ reasoning|NN as|IN Freud|NNP .|. 
In|IN this|DT courageous|JJ experiment|NN ,|, Hooker|NNP compared|VBD the|DT psychological|JJ profiles|NNS of|IN sixty|NN men|NNS ,|, half|JJ homosexual|NN and|CC half|JJ heterosexual|NN .|. 
She|PRP disagreed|VBD with|IN the|DT popular|JJ belief|NN at|IN the|DT time|NN that|DT homosexuality|NN was|VBD a|DT mental|JJ illness|NN ,|, and|CC concluded|VBD that|IN there|EX was|VBD no|DT significant|JJ psychological|JJ difference|NN between|IN homosexual|NN and|CC heterosexual|NN men|NNS ;|: “|NN gay|JJ ”|NN men|NNS were|VBD no|DT more|RBR insane|JJ than|IN their|PRP$ “|NN straight|JJ ”|NN counterparts|NNS (|( Marcus|NNP 183|CD )|) .|. 

Fortunately|RB ,|, many|JJ prominent|JJ psychiatrists|NNS also|RB believed|VBN that|DT homosexuality|NN was|VBD not|RB an|DT illness|NN ,|, and|CC their|PRP$ lobbying|VBG ,|, along|IN with|IN the|DT innovative|JJ study|NN performed|VBN by|IN Hooker|NNP ,|, who|WP has|VBZ been|VBN referred|VBN to|TO as|IN “|NN the|DT Rosa|NNP Parks|NNP of|IN the|DT gay|JJ movement|NN ”|NN convinced|VBD the|DT American|NNP Psychiatric|NNP Association|NNP Board|NNP of|IN Trustees|NNS to|TO vote|VB to|TO remove|VB homosexuality|NN from|IN the|DT Diagnostic|NNP and|CC Statistical|NNP Manual|NNP as|IN a|DT mental|JJ illness|NN in|IN December|NNP of|IN 1973|CD .|. 
Just|RB over|IN a|DT year|NN later|RB ,|, the|DT American|NNP Psychological|NNP Association|NNP also|RB removed|VBD homosexuality|NN from|IN their|PRP$ list|NN of|IN mental|JJ illnesses|NNS (|( Marcus|NNP 11|CD )|) .|. 
The|DT American|NNP Psychological|NNP Association|NNP further|RBR reiterated|VBD this|DT belief|NN when|WRB an|DT overwhelming|JJ majority|NN of|IN the|DT Council|NNP of|IN Representatives|NNPS adopted|VBD the|DT Resolution|NNP on|IN Appropriate|NNP Therapeutic|NNP Responses|NNS to|TO Sexual|NNP Orientation|NNP in|IN 1997|CD ,|, which|WDT publicly|RB chastised|VBD those|DT who|WP attempted|VBD to|TO “|NN cure|NN ”|NN homosexuality|NN by|IN means|NNS of|IN various|JJ forms|NNS of|IN treatment|NN .|. 
It|PRP stated|VBD ,|, rather|RB that|DT homosexuality|NN was|VBD merely|RB a|DT difference|NN in|IN the|DT opinion|NN and|CC values|NNS of|IN the|DT common|JJ person|NN ,|, but|CC must|MD still|RB be|VB respected|VBN as|IN an|DT individual|JJ orientation|NN ,|, and|CC thus|RB treated|VBN as|IN one|CD (|( Resolution|NNP on|IN Appropriate|NNP Therapeutic|NNP Responses|NNS to|TO Sexual|NNP Orientation|NNP )|) .|. 

Perhaps|RB one|CD of|IN the|DT most|RBS famous|JJ studies|NNS on|IN this|DT topic|NN was|VBD concluded|VBN in|IN 1991|CD by|IN Michael|NNP Bailey|NNP ,|, an|DT assistant|NN professor|NN of|IN psychology|NN at|IN Northwestern|NNP University|NNP ,|, and|CC Richard|NNP Pillard|NNP ,|, an|DT associate|JJ professor|NN of|IN psychiatry|NN at|IN Boston|NNP University|NNP School|NNP of|IN Medicine|NNP ,|, and|CC found|VBD that|IN sexual|JJ orientation|NN in|IN males|NNS is|VBZ largely|RB due|JJ to|TO genetics|NNS .|. 
For|IN two|CD years|NNS ,|, these|DT men|NNS studied|VBD the|DT number|NN of|IN occurrences|NNS of|IN homosexuality|NN in|IN both|DT monozygotic|JJ ,|, or|CC identical|JJ twins|NNS (|( a|DT set|NN of|IN twins|NNS coming|VBG from|IN the|DT same|JJ fertilized|VBN egg|NN and|CC thus|RB having|VBG identical|JJ DNA|NNP )|) ,|, and|CC dizygotic|JJ ,|, or|CC fraternal|NN twins|NNS (|( a|DT set|NN of|IN twins|NNS from|IN too|RB separate|JJ zygotes|NNS ,|, causing|VBG them|PRP to|TO have|VB similar|JJ DNA|NNP ,|, but|CC not|RB any|DT more|RBR so|RB than|IN that|DT of|IN two|CD ordinary|JJ siblings|NNS )|) ,|, in|IN addition|NN to|TO adoptive|JJ brothers|NNS of|IN gay|JJ males|NNS (|( meaning|VBG that|IN all|DT of|IN these|DT males|NNS would|MD have|VB been|VBN raised|VBN in|IN the|DT same|JJ environment|NN )|) .|. 
In|IN total|JJ ,|, 110|CD pairs|NNS of|IN twins|NNS (|( identical|JJ and|CC fraternal|NN )|) and|CC 142|CD sets|NNS of|IN male|JJ and|CC their|PRP$ adopted|JJ brothers|NNS were|VBD studied|VBN ,|, where|WRB at|IN least|JJS one|CD of|IN the|DT two|CD had|VBD been|VBN classified|VBN as|IN homosexual|JJ ,|, either|CC by|IN self-identification|JJ or|CC other|JJ means|VBZ .|. 
Out|IN of|IN the|DT 56|CD homosexual|JJ males|NNS who|WP had|VBD identical|JJ twins|NNS ,|, 29|CD ,|, or|CC approximately|RB 52|CD %|NN of|IN their|PRP$ identical|JJ twin|JJ brothers|NNS were|VBD also|RB found|VBN to|TO be|VB homosexual|JJ ,|, as|IN compared|VBN to|TO only|RB 12|CD ,|, or|CC approximately|RB 22|CD %|NN of|IN the|DT 54|CD non-identical|JJ twins|NNS of|IN homosexual|JJ males|NNS ,|, and|CC 6|CD ,|, or|CC approximately|RB 11|CD %|NN of|IN the|DT 57|CD adopted|VBN brothers|NNS of|IN homosexual|JJ males|NNS who|WP were|VBD unrelated|JJ in|IN terms|NNS of|IN genetics|NNS .|. 
Strangely|NNP enough|RB ,|, the|DT study|NN also|RB included|VBD pairs|NNS of|IN biological|JJ brothers|NNS that|WDT were|VBD not|RB twins|NNS ,|, and|CC out|IN of|IN the|DT 142|CD homosexual|JJ males|NNS studied|VBN ,|, only|RB 14|CD ,|, or|CC about|IN 9|CD %|NN ,|, had|VBD homosexual|JJ brothers|NNS ,|, which|WDT is|VBZ approximately|RB the|DT normal|JJ statistical|JJ incidence|NN of|IN homosexuality|NN in|IN the|DT general|JJ population|NN (|( Bailey|NNP &|CC Pillard|NNP )|) .|. 

More|JJR and|CC more|JJR people|NNS are|VBP beginning|VBG to|TO believe|VB that|DT homosexuality|NN is|VBZ not|RB a|DT “|NN choice|NN ,|, ”|NN but|CC rather|RB a|DT feeling|NN that|IN one|CD is|VBZ born|VBN with|IN .|. 
As|IN one|CD grows|VBZ older|JJR ,|, they|PRP become|VBP aware|JJ of|IN sexual|JJ feelings|NNS towards|IN other|JJ persons|NNS .|. 
The|DT only|JJ difference|NN between|IN homosexuals|NNS and|CC heterosexuals|NNS is|VBZ that|IN while|IN heterosexuals|NNS are|VBP attracted|VBN to|TO members|NNS of|IN the|DT opposite|JJ sex|NN ,|, homosexuals|NNS are|VBP attracted|VBN to|TO those|DT of|IN the|DT same|JJ sex|NN .|. 
Therefore|RB ,|, neither|DT homosexuals|NNS nor|CC heterosexuals|NNS really|RB have|VBP a|DT “|NN choice|NN ”|NN in|IN the|DT matter|NN ,|, and|CC asking|VBG a|DT homosexual|JJ “|NN Why|WRB are|VBP you|PRP attracted|VBD to|TO other|JJ members|NNS of|IN your|PRP$ sex|NN ”|NN is|VBZ likened|VBN to|TO asking|VBG a|DT heterosexual|NN “|NN Why|WRB are|VBP you|PRP attracted|VBD to|TO members|NNS of|IN the|DT opposite|JJ sex|NN ?|. ”|NN 
After|IN all|DT ,|, why|WRB would|MD anyone|NN choose|VB such|PDT a|DT difficult|JJ lifestyle|NN ?|. 
As|IN a|DT homosexual|NN ,|, one|CD risks|NNS horrifying|JJ their|PRP$ parents|NNS ,|, other|JJ family|NN members|NNS ,|, and|CC friends|NNS to|TO the|DT point|NN of|IN losing|VBG all|DT contact|NN with|IN them|PRP ,|, ruining|VBG their|PRP$ career|NN ,|, being|VBG condemned|VBN by|IN their|PRP$ religion|NN ,|, being|VBG beat|NN up|RP for|IN publicly|RB displaying|VBG their|PRP$ sexuality|NN ,|, and|CC much|JJ much|RB more|JJR .|. 
Rather|RB ,|, the|DT only|RB actual|JJ choice|NN is|VBZ whether|IN or|CC not|RB to|TO be|VB open|JJ with|IN one|CD ’|NN s|VBZ sexuality|NN and|CC sexual|JJ preference|NN ;|: whether|IN to|TO act|VB on|IN one|CD ’|NN s|VBZ sexual|JJ desires|NNS ,|, whether|IN to|TO tell|VB others|NNS about|IN such|JJ feelings|NNS ,|, or|CC whether|IN to|TO live|VB a|DT whole|JJ life|NN as|IN a|DT lie|NN and|CC suppress|VB these|DT attractions|NNS (|( Marcus|NNP 9|CD )|) .|. 

To|TO supplement|VB my|PRP$ findings|NNS from|IN research|NN ,|, I|PRP have|VBP conducted|VBN personal|JJ interviews|NNS with|IN two|CD adolescent|JJ homosexual|JJ males|NNS ,|, James|NNP Dobbens|NNP and|CC Daniel|NNP Woods|NNP .|. 
Both|DT were|VBD asked|VBN how|WRB what|WP they|PRP thought|VBD determined|VBN homosexuality|NN (|( nature|NN vs.|NN nurture|VB )|) and|CC why|WRB ,|, when|WRB they|PRP realized|VBD they|PRP were|VBD homosexual|JJ and|CC how|WRB they|PRP knew|VBD ,|, and|CC similar|JJ questions|NNS .|. 
Both|DT believed|VBN that|IN homosexual|NN was|VBD a|DT result|NN of|IN nature|NN ,|, rather|RB than|IN nurture|VB (|( Dobbens|NNP &|CC Woods|NNP )|) .|. 
Dobbens|NNP reasoned|VBD that|IN most|JJS parents|NNS would|MD not|RB raise|VB their|PRP$ children|NNS to|TO be|VB homosexual|JJ ;|: “|NN They|PRP ’re|VBP not|RB like|IN ‘|NN My|PRP$ child|NN ’|NN s|VBZ going|VBG to|TO be|VB gay|JJ !|. ”|NN ’|NN 
(|( Dobbens|NNP )|) .|. 
Dobbens|NNP believes|VBZ that|IN he|PRP was|VBD born|VBN homosexual|JJ .|. 
When|WRB why|WRB he|PRP was|VBD a|DT homosexual|NN ,|, he|PRP explained|VBD “|NN It|PRP ’s|VBZ just|RB the|DT way|NN you|PRP are|VBP ,|, you|PRP can|MD ’|NN t|NN explain|VB it|PRP ,|, I|PRP was|VBD just|RB born|VBN that|DT way|NN ,|, it|PRP ’s|VBZ like|IN asking|VBG how|WRB the|DT world|NN was|VBD made|VBN –|NN no|DT one|CD really|RB knows|VBZ ”|NN (|( Dobbens|NNP )|) .|. 
He|PRP went|VBD on|IN to|TO explain|VB that|IN while|IN his|PRP$ nurture|VB did|VBD not|RB impact|VB his|PRP$ sexual|JJ orientation|NN ,|, it|PRP did|VBD affect|VB his|PRP$ view|NN of|IN it|PRP .|. 
When|WRB discussing|VBG the|DT role|NN of|IN parents|NNS and|CC upbringing|VBG in|IN a|DT child|NN ’|NN s|VBZ sexuality|NN ,|, he|PRP commented|VBD “|NN They|PRP can|MD bring|VB you|PRP up|RP [|NN to|TO be|VB ]|NN open|RB minded|VBD to|TO [|NN homosexuality|NN ]|NN ,|, but|CC they|PRP don|VB ’|NN t|NN bring|VB you|PRP up|RP [|NN to|TO be|VB a|DT homosexual|JJ ]|NN …|NN I|PRP grew|VBD up|RB in|IN a|DT place|NN where|WRB [|NN homosexuality|NN is|VBZ accepted|VBN ]|NN ,|, so|IN that|DT ’s|VBZ why|WRB I|PRP ’m|VBP so|RB open|JJ about|IN being|VBG gay|JJ ;|: I|PRP accept|VBP myself|PRP …|NN [|NN Whether|IN or|CC not|RB you|PRP accept|VBP homosexuality|NN and|CC can|MD be|VB honest|JJ with|IN yourself|PRP if|IN you|PRP are|VBP homosexual|JJ ]|NN depends|VBZ on|IN how|WRB you|PRP ’re|VBP brought|VBN up|RP ”|NN (|( Dobbens|NNP )|) .|. 
Woods|NNP generally|RB agreed|VBD with|IN Dobbens|NNP ,|, and|CC justified|JJ his|PRP$ belief|NN that|DT homosexuality|NN was|VBD caused|VBN by|IN one|CD ’|NN s|VBZ nature|NN ,|, rather|RB than|IN nurture|VB ,|, when|WRB he|PRP commented|VBD that|DT “|NN there|EX ’|NN s|VBZ nothing|NN in|IN my|PRP$ upbringing|VBG that|WDT exposed|VBD me|PRP to|TO anything|NN like|IN [|NN homosexuality|NN ]|NN ”|NN (|( Woods|NNP )|) .|. 
When|WRB asked|VBD why|WRB he|PRP was|VBD gay|JJ ,|, he|PRP explained|VBD that|IN it|PRP is|VBZ simply|RB “|NN something|NN that|IN I|PRP can|MD ’|NN t|NN help|VB …|NN embedded|VBN in|IN my|PRP$ head|NN ;|: nothing|NN made|VBD me|PRP do|VBP it|PRP ”|NN (|( Woods|NNP )|) .|. 
He|PRP went|VBD on|IN to|TO explain|VB that|IN it|PRP the|DT same|JJ thing|NN as|IN the|DT primitive|JJ attraction|NN between|IN males|NNS and|CC females|NNS ,|, only|RB it|PRP was|VBD between|IN males|NNS and|CC other|JJ males|NNS .|. 
He|PRP added|VBD that|IN “|NN nothing|NN happened|VBD [|NN to|TO make|VB me|PRP homosexual|JJ ]|NN ;|: it|PRP ’s|VBZ always|RB been|VBN there|RB .|. 
I|PRP ’ve|VBP always|RB been|VBN attracted|VBN to|TO guys|NNS ”|NN (|( Woods|NNP )|) .|. 
What|WP I|PRP find|VBP to|TO be|VB extraordinary|JJ about|IN Woods|NNP ’|NN case|NN is|VBZ that|IN he|PRP remarked|VBD how|WRB while|IN he|PRP has|VBZ always|RB been|VBN sexually|RB attracted|VBN go|VB guys|NNS ,|, he|PRP is|VBZ romantically|RB attracted|VBN to|TO women|NNS in|IN the|DT sense|NN that|IN he|PRP has|VBZ always|RB wanted|VBN a|DT girlfriend|NN and|CC to|TO be|VB close|VB with|IN other|JJ females|NNS ,|, etc|FW …|NN but|CC never|RB in|IN a|DT sexual|JJ sense|NN .|. 
Though|IN he|PRP has|VBZ “|NN always|RB kind|NN of|IN fantasized|JJ about|IN getting|VBG married|VBN [|NN to|TO a|DT female|JJ ]|NN ,|, ”|NN these|DT feelings|NNS come|VBP from|IN his|PRP$ “|NN romantic|JJ side|NN ,|, which|WDT is|VBZ different|JJ from|IN the|DT sexual|JJ side|NN ”|NN (|( Woods|NNP )|) .|. 
He|PRP says|VBZ that|IN if|IN he|PRP married|VBD a|DT female|NN with|IN which|WDT he|PRP shared|VBD a|DT strong|JJ trust|NN ,|, maybe|RB he|PRP could|MD work|VB it|PRP out|RP .|. 
He|PRP then|RB went|VBD back|RB to|TO talk|VB about|IN homosexuality|NN as|IN in|IN innate|JJ characteristic|NN ;|: “|NN It|PRP ’s|VBZ like|IN race|NN .|. 
It|PRP ’s|VBZ all|DT something|NN you|PRP can|MD ’|NN t|NN help|VB ;|: it|PRP all|DT comes|VBZ to|TO you|PRP …|NN It|PRP ’s|VBZ internal|JJ ,|, you|PRP can|MD ’|NN t|NN help|VB it|PRP ”|NN (|( Woods|NNP )|) .|. 
When|WRB asked|VBD if|IN he|PRP thought|VBD homosexuality|NN was|VBD caused|VBN by|IN a|DT gene|NN ,|, he|PRP commented|VBD that|IN he|PRP thought|VBD that|IN it|PRP was|VBD more|JJR of|IN an|DT instinct|NN .|. 
He|PRP gave|VBD the|DT example|NN of|IN birds|NNS ,|, which|WDT are|VBP born|VBN with|IN instincts|NNS such|JJ as|IN knowing|VBG how|WRB to|TO build|VB a|DT next|JJ ,|, or|CC catch|VB their|PRP$ prey|NN .|. 
Woods|NNP also|RB thought|VBD that|IN maybe|RB it|PRP was|VBD caused|VBN by|IN something|NN in|IN the|DT development|NN of|IN the|DT embryo|NN .|. 
All|DT in|IN all|DT ,|, Woods|NNP views|NNS homosexuality|NN as|IN “|NN fascinating|JJ .|. ”|NN 
His|PRP$ final|JJ thought|NN :|: “|NN I|PRP also|RB believe|VBP everyone|NN has|VBZ at|IN least|JJS one|CD homosexual|JJ attraction|NN .|. 
It|PRP ’s|VBZ not|RB black|NN and|CC white|JJ [|NN homosexual|JJ vs.|NN heterosexual|NN ]|NN ;|: it|PRP ’s|VBZ a|DT spectrum|NN ”|NN (|( Woods|NNP )|) .|. 

Yet|RB there|EX are|VBP arguments|NNS against|IN homosexuality|NN as|IN caused|VBN by|IN genetics|NNS .|. 
According|VBG to|TO Darwin|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ theory|NN of|IN natural|JJ selection|NN ,|, the|DT advantageous|JJ traits|NNS are|VBP passed|VBN on|IN ,|, while|IN the|DT disadvantageous|JJ ones|NNS eventually|RB die|VBP out|RP .|. 
For|IN instance|NN ,|, heterosexual|NN males|NNS have|VBP an|DT average|NN of|IN five|CD times|NNS as|IN many|JJ children|NNS as|IN homosexual|JJ ones|NNS ,|, as|IN a|DT female|NN is|VBZ required|VBN to|TO reproduce|VB children|NNS ,|, yet|RB homosexuals|NNS are|VBP ,|, by|IN definition|NN ,|, not|RB sexually|RB attracted|VBD to|TO females|NNS .|. 
Therefore|RB ,|, from|IN the|DT evolutionary|JJ standpoint|NN ,|, homosexuality|NN becomes|VBZ one|CD of|IN the|DT disadvantageous|JJ traits|NNS .|. 
Because|IN consequently|RB heterosexual|NN men|NNS contribute|VBP five|CD times|NNS as|IN much|JJ genetic|JJ information|NN to|TO the|DT next|JJ the|DT gene|NN pool|NN ,|, if|IN homosexuality|NN was|VBD indeed|RB caused|VBN by|IN a|DT gene|NN ,|, it|PRP would|MD have|VB died|VBN out|IN entirely|RB by|IN now|RB ,|, or|CC at|IN least|RBS been|VBN reduced|VBN immensely|RB in|IN the|DT number|NN of|IN occurrences|NNS .|. 
Since|IN neither|DT of|IN these|DT events|NNS have|VBP yet|RB taken|VBN place|NN ,|, it|PRP can|MD be|VB concluded|VBN that|DT homosexuality|NN is|VBZ not|RB caused|VBN by|IN a|DT gene|NN (|( Fulkerson|NNP )|) .|. 

My|PRP$ findings|NNS throughout|IN my|PRP$ research|NN have|VBP led|VBN me|PRP to|TO conclude|VB that|IN there|EX is|VBZ no|DT definitive|JJ answer|NN on|IN what|WP causes|NNS homosexuality|NN .|. 
No|DT one|NN knows|VBZ for|IN sure|JJ now|RB (|( although|IN many|JJ think|VBP they|PRP do|VBP )|) ,|, and|CC perhaps|RB no|DT one|CD ever|RB will|MD know|VB the|DT whole|JJ truth|NN .|. 
Nonetheless|RB ,|, I|PRP am|VBP apt|JJ to|TO believe|VB that|DT homosexuality|NN is|VBZ the|DT product|NN of|IN some|DT kind|NN of|IN combination|NN of|IN genetic|JJ and|CC environmental|JJ causes|NNS .|. 
Perhaps|RB one|PRP may|MD have|VB a|DT genetic|JJ predisposition|NN towards|IN homosexuality|NN that|WDT has|VBZ been|VBN passed|VBN on|IN from|IN previous|JJ generations|NNS .|. 
However|RB this|DT does|VBZ not|RB necessarily|RB determine|VB a|DT homosexual|JJ ;|: rather|RB this|DT predisposition|NN must|MD be|VB triggered|VBN by|IN environmental|JJ factors|NNS .|. 
This|DT is|VBZ why|WRB Bailey|NNP and|CC Pillard|NNP found|VBD in|IN their|PRP$ study|NN that|IN while|IN they|PRP was|VBD a|DT greatly|RB elevated|VBD chance|NN that|IN two|CD males|NNS sharing|VBG the|DT same|JJ genetic|JJ makeup|NN would|MD also|RB share|VB the|DT same|JJ sexuality|NN ,|, this|DT was|VBD not|RB the|DT case|NN 100|CD %|NN of|IN the|DT time|NN .|. 
This|DT seems|VBZ to|TO be|VB the|DT most|RBS likely|JJ explanation|NN as|IN of|IN now|RB ,|, but|CC even|RB as|IN I|PRP write|VBP this|DT ,|, new|JJ studies|NNS are|VBP being|VBG done|VBN .|. 
Perhaps|RB the|DT truth|NN is|VBZ right|NN around|IN the|DT corner|NN .|. 

Works|NNP Cited|VBN APA|NNP Online|NNP .|. 2003|CD .|. American|NNP Psychological|NNP Association|NNP .|. <|NN http://www.apa.org|NN >|NN .|. 
Bailey|NNP ,|, J.|NN M.|NN ,|, and|CC R.|NN C.|NN Pillard|NNP .|. "|'' A|DT Genetic|NNP Study|NNP of|IN Male|NNP Sexual|NNP Orientation|NNP .|. "|'' Archives|NNPS of|IN General|NNP Psychiatry|NNP 1089|CD -|: 1096|CD (|( 1991|CD )|) .|. 

Dobbens|NNP ,|, James|NNP B.|NN Telephone|NNP interview|NN .|. 6|CD June|NNP 2002|CD .|. 
Emond|NNP ,|, Charles|NNP .|. Mountain|NNP Pride|NNP Media|NNP .|. June|NNP 1999|CD .|. <|NN http://www.mountainpridemedia.org|NN >|NN .|. 

Fulkerson|NNP ,|, Richard|NNP .|. Nature|NNP and|CC Nurture|NNP .|. 15|CD Dec|NNP .|. 1999|CD .|. Iowa|NNP State|NNP University|NNP .|. <|NN http://www.public.iastate.edu|NN >|NN .|. 

Homosexuality|NNP .|. Ed|NNP .|. William|NNP Dudley|NNP .|. San|NNP Diego|NNP :|: Greenhaven|NNP P|NN ,|, 1993|CD .|. 

Isay|NNP ,|, Richard|NNP A.|NN Being|VBG Homosexual|NNP .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Farrar|NNP Straus|NNP Giroux|NNP ,|, 1989|CD .|. 

Marcus|NNP ,|, Eric|NNP .|. Is|VBZ it|PRP a|DT Choice|NN ?|. San|NNP Francisco|NNP :|: HarperCollins|NNP ,|, 1993|CD .|. 
Wikholm|NNP ,|, Andrew|NNP .|. gayhistory|NN .|. com|NN .|. 1998|CD .|. <|NN http://www.gayhistory.com|NN >|NN .|. 

Woods|NNP ,|, Daniel|NNP S.|NN Telephone|NNP interview|NN .|. 6|CD June|NNP 2002|CD .|. 

