7|CD The|DT future|NN of|IN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS When|WRB massive|JJ economic|JJ restructuring|NN forced|VBD William|NNP H.|NN Whyte|NNP Jr|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ (|( 1956|CD )|) ‘|NN organization|NN man|NN ’|NN to|TO walk|VB permanently|RB out|IN of|IN the|DT front|JJ doors|NNS of|IN the|DT corporation|NN ,|, many|JJ of|IN the|DT assumptions|NNS of|IN a|DT traditional|JJ career|NN path|NN followed|VBN shortly|RB behind|IN .|. 
In|IN the|DT wake|NN of|IN his|PRP$ departure|NN ,|, people|NNS were|VBD left|VBN pondering|VBG how|WRB they|PRP would|MD survive|VB without|IN a|DT job|NN for|IN life|NN ,|, a|DT corporate|JJ ‘|NN road|NN map|NN ’|NN to|TO guide|VB their|PRP$ destiny|NN and|CC the|DT firm|JJ ’|NN s|VBZ hierarchy|NN to|TO define|VB their|PRP$ status|NN or|CC place|NN in|IN society|NN .|. 
Without|IN employers|NNS ’|NN orderly|JJ structures|NNS ,|, external|JJ guides|NNS for|IN action|NN ,|, and|CC linear|JJ career|NN paths|NNS ,|, however|RB ,|, just|RB what|WP is|VBZ the|DT future|NN of|IN career|NN ?|. 
When|WRB ‘|NN the|DT career|NN ’|NN devolves|NNS to|TO the|DT level|NN of|IN the|DT individual|JJ does|VBZ free|JJ agency|NN prevail|VB and|CC a|DT form|NN of|IN ‘|NN career|NN anarchy|NN ’|NN result|NN ?|. 
Is|VBZ there|RB anything|NN that|WDT can|MD be|VB concluded|VBN about|IN careers|NNS if|IN everyone|NN seems|VBZ to|TO be|VB doing|VBG their|PRP$ own|JJ thing|NN ?|. 

We|PRP argue|VBP here|RB that|IN the|DT answer|NN is|VBZ an|DT emphatic|JJ ‘|NN yes|UH ’|NN .|. 
The|DT new|JJ environment|NN suggests|VBZ a|DT shift|NN from|IN pre-ordained|JJ and|CC linear|JJ development|NN to|TO perpetually|RB changing|VBG career|NN paths|NNS and|CC possibilities|NNS .|. 
As|IN a|DT result|NN a|DT shift|NN from|IN ‘|NN bounded|JJ ’|NN careers|NNS –|NN prescribed|VBN by|IN relatively|RB stable|JJ organisational|NN and|CC occupational|NN structures|NNS –|NN to|TO ‘|NN boundaryless|JJ ’|NN careers|NNS –|NN where|WRB uncertainty|NN and|CC flexibility|NN are|VBP the|DT order|NN of|IN the|DT day|NN –|NN is|VBZ increasingly|RB common|JJ .|. 
The|DT concept|NN of|IN the|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN is|VBZ broadly|RB based|VBN ,|, and|CC intended|VBD to|TO reflect|VB the|DT emergent|NN pace|NN of|IN economic|JJ change|NN .|. 
It|PRP does|VBZ not|RB characterise|NN any|DT single|JJ career|NN form|NN ,|, but|CC rather|RB ‘|NN a|DT range|NN of|IN possible|JJ forms|NNS that|WDT defy|VBP traditional|JJ employment|NN assumptions|NNS ’|NN (|( Arthur|NNP &|CC Rousseau|NNP ,|, 1996|CD ,|, p.|NN 6|CD )|) .|. 

The|DT myriad|JJ interactions|NNS of|IN a|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN over|IN a|DT lifetime|NN of|IN work|NN experiences|NNS can|MD appear|VB overwhelming|JJ .|. 
A|DT complex|JJ web|NN of|IN relationships|NNS emerges|VBZ from|IN numerous|JJ exchanges|NNS among|IN individuals|NNS ,|, teams|NNS ,|, and|CC employers|NNS .|. 
The|DT interplay|NN may|MD seem|VB downright|RB chaotic|JJ .|. 
So|RB much|JJ so|RB ,|, that|IN one|PRP may|MD be|VB tempted|VBN to|TO think|VB that|IN no|DT aggregates|NNS can|MD be|VB drawn|VBN from|IN this|DT seemingly|RB random|JJ micro|JJ -|- level|NN behaviour|NN .|. 
Yet|RB ,|, despite|IN the|DT large|JJ amount|NN of|IN publicity|NN generated|VBN as|IN ‘|NN organization|NN man|NN ’|NN was|VBD shown|VBN to|TO the|DT door|NN ,|, a|DT large|JJ proportion|NN of|IN people|NNS who|WP participate|VBP in|IN the|DT work|NN place|NN ,|, and|CC even|RB whole|JJ industries|NNS ,|, never|RB really|RB played|VBN by|IN the|DT traditional|JJ rules|NNS anyway|RB .|. 
For|IN these|DT people|NNS and|CC industries|NNS the|DT ‘|NN boundaryless|JJ career|NN ’|NN is|VBZ simply|RB business|NN as|IN usual|JJ .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ business|NN to|TO which|WDT we|PRP can|MD turn|RB to|TO understand|VB better|VB the|DT future|NN of|IN career|NN or|CC –|NN as|IN we|PRP see|VBP the|DT future|JJ –|NN the|DT boundaryless|JJ |- career|NN .|. 

We|PRP focus|VBP in|IN this|DT chapter|NN on|IN situations|NNS where|WRB boundaryless|JJ career|NN practices|NNS appear|VBP to|TO be|VB well|RB established|VBN and|CC fruitful|JJ ,|, involving|VBG industries|NNS where|WRB open|JJ labour|NN markets|NNS have|VBP thrived|VBD .|. 
Our|PRP$ examination|NN suggests|VBZ that|IN seemingly|RB random|JJ micro|JJ -|- level|NN activities|NNS result|VBP in|IN the|DT creation|NN of|IN emergent|NN pattern|NN and|CC order|NN .|. 
Further|RB examination|NN reveals|VBZ not|RB only|RB order|VB ,|, but|CC remarkable|JJ stability|NN .|. 
In|IN the|DT absence|NN of|IN external|JJ guides|NNS ,|, people|NNS selforganise|NN to|TO learn|VB and|CC make|VB sense|NN of|IN their|PRP$ environments|NNS .|. 
Moreover|RB ,|, the|DT resulting|VBG social|JJ interdependence|NN provides|VBZ a|DT new|JJ form|NN of|IN cohesiveness|NNS that|IN ,|, in|IN turn|NN ,|, introduces|VBZ new|JJ structure|NN .|. 
Micro|JJ -|- level|NN activities|NNS gather|VBP the|DT force|NN and|CC the|DT power|NN to|TO shape|VB macro|JJ -|- level|NN processes|VBZ and|CC larger|JJR institutions|NNS .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ organising|VBG ,|, rather|RB than|IN organisation|NN ,|, that|WDT is|VBZ the|DT catch|NN -|- word|NN of|IN the|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN .|. 

In|IN this|DT chapter|NN we|PRP set|VBD out|IN to|TO explore|VB the|DT pervasive|JJ nature|NN of|IN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS .|. 
We|PRP present|VB a|DT theoretical|JJ perspective|NN through|IN which|WDT we|PRP can|MD understand|VB the|DT dynamics|NNS of|IN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS followed|VBN by|IN descriptive|JJ analysis|NN demonstrating|VBG evidence|NN of|IN theory|NN in|IN practice|NN in|IN two|CD selected|VBN industries|NNS .|. 
First|LS we|PRP present|JJ relevant|JJ aspects|NNS of|IN Karl|NNP Weick|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ work|NN (|( 1979|CD ,|, 1995|CD ,|, and|CC 1996|CD )|) and|CC discuss|VB the|DT process|NN of|IN ‘|NN enactment|NN ’|NN .|. 
We|PRP then|RB examine|VBP the|DT industry|NN cases|NNS .|. 
We|PRP conclude|VBP by|IN refining|VBG the|DT arguments|NNS by|IN noting|VBG key|JJ behavioural|NN aspects|NNS of|IN enactment|NN and|CC other|JJ considerations|NNS of|IN the|DT process|NN .|. 

An|DT enactment|NN perspective|NN Our|PRP$ exploration|NN in|IN this|DT chapter|NN is|VBZ framed|VBN in|IN the|DT social–psychological|JJ perspective|NN of|IN Karl|NNP Weick|NNP (|( 1996|CD )|) .|. 
Weick|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ work|NN provides|VBZ a|DT theoretical|JJ lens|NN for|IN explaining|VBG the|DT processes|NNS at|IN work|NN in|IN boundaryless|JJ career|NN behaviour|NN .|. 
His|PRP$ conception|NN of|IN enactment|NN ,|, directly|RB related|VBN to|TO his|PRP$ previous|JJ (|( 1995|CD )|) work|NN on|IN sensemaking|VBG ,|, explains|VBZ the|DT dynamics|NNS of|IN the|DT characteristic|JJ interdependence|NN that|WDT operates|VBZ in|IN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS .|. 
The|DT enactment|NN view|NN emphasises|NNS that|WDT action|NN creates|VBZ the|DT environment|NN .|. 
That|DT is|VBZ ,|, people|NNS create|VBP situations|NNS and|CC understandings|NNS out|IN of|IN their|PRP$ own|JJ dispositions|NNS and|CC backgrounds|NNS .|. 
A|DT simple|JJ analogy|NN is|VBZ with|IN the|DT legal|JJ system|NN .|. 
People|NNS enact|VB laws|NNS ,|, which|WDT become|VBP part|NN of|IN the|DT legal|JJ system|NN which|WDT in|IN turn|NN influences|VBZ further|JJ behaviour|NN ,|, leading|VBG people|NNS to|TO enact|VB new|JJ laws|NNS ,|, and|CC so|RB on|IN .|. 
A|DT legal|JJ system|NN continually|RB evolves|NNS from|IN the|DT enactment|NN of|IN individual|JJ laws|NNS .|. 
Similarly|RB ,|, career|NN systems|NNS evolve|VB from|IN the|DT enactment|NN of|IN individual|JJ careers|NNS .|. 

Another|DT way|NN to|TO engage|VB with|IN enactment|NN is|VBZ to|TO relate|VB it|PRP to|TO the|DT process|NN of|IN natural|JJ selection|NN .|. 
According|VBG to|TO Weick|NNP (|( 1996|CD )|) ,|, careers|NNS unfold|VB through|IN successive|JJ cycles|NNS of|IN enactment|NN ,|, selection|NN ,|, and|CC retention|NN ,|, whereby|WRB the|DT enactment|NN of|IN careers|NNS gives|VBZ rise|NN to|TO broader|JJR organising|VBG of|IN work|NN arrangements|NNS .|. 
From|IN this|DT standpoint|NN ,|, the|DT ‘|NN basic|JJ theme|NN for|IN the|DT entire|JJ organizing|NN model|NN is|VBZ found|VBN in|IN the|DT following|VBG recipe|NN for|IN sensemaking|VBG :|: ‘|NN ‘|NN How|WRB can|MD I|PRP know|VB what|WP I|PRP think|VBP until|IN I|PRP see|VBP what|WP I|PRP say|VBP ?|. ’|NN ’|NN ’|NN (|( Weick|NNP ,|, 1979|CD ,|, p.|NN 133|CD )|) .|. 
In|IN the|DT simplest|JJS form|NN of|IN the|DT recipe|NN ,|, enactment|NN is|VBZ ‘|NN saying|VBG ’|NN (|( action|NN )|) ,|, selection|NN is|VBZ ‘|NN seeing|VBG what|WP I|PRP say|VBP ’|NN (|( perception|NN )|) ,|, and|CC retention|NN is|VBZ ‘|NN knowing|VBG what|WP I|PRP think|VBP ’|NN (|( sensemaking|VBG )|) .|. 

If|IN enactment|NN is|VBZ ‘|NN saying|VBG ’|NN then|RB it|PRP is|VBZ ,|, in|IN essence|NN ,|, the|DT action|NN of|IN individuals|NNS in|IN their|PRP$ environment|NN that|WDT starts|VBZ the|DT process|NN .|. 
When|WRB someone|NN takes|VBZ action|NN ,|, or|CC interacts|NNS with|IN their|PRP$ environment|NN ,|, it|PRP immediately|RB impacts|NNS others|NNS and|CC hence|RB the|DT individual|JJ produces|VBZ part|NN of|IN their|PRP$ environment|NN .|. 
For|IN example|NN ,|, if|IN you|PRP believe|VBP a|DT certain|JJ group|NN of|IN individuals|NNS to|TO be|VB hostile|JJ ,|, when|WRB you|PRP interact|NN with|IN them|PRP your|PRP$ behaviour|NN may|MD reflect|VB your|PRP$ fear|NN .|. 
In|IN response|NN they|PRP may|MD sense|VB that|DT fear|NN and|CC behave|VB in|IN a|DT hostile|JJ manner|NN .|. 
The|DT environment|NN becomes|VBZ hostile|JJ .|. 
Moreover|RB ,|, you|PRP have|VBP contributed|VBN to|TO ‘|NN enacting|VBG ’|NN that|IN hostile|JJ environment|NN .|. 
The|DT result|NN is|VBZ a|DT circular|JJ self|NN -|- reinforcing|VBG relationship|NN resembling|VBG a|DT self|NN -|- fulfilling|JJ prophecy|NN .|. 
An|DT alternative|NN ,|, perhaps|RB more|RBR satisfactory|JJ circular|JJ relationship|NN could|MD result|VB if|IN ,|, instead|RB of|IN fear|NN ,|, you|PRP initially|RB showed|VBD confidence|NN .|. 

How|WRB do|VBP we|PRP relate|VBP this|DT process|NN to|TO boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS ?|. 
For|IN this|DT ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ important|JJ to|TO understand|VB that|IN there|EX is|VBZ less|JJR room|NN for|IN personal|JJ inputs|NNS ,|, manoeuvring|VBG ,|, or|CC ‘|NN enactment|NN ’|NN if|IN there|EX are|VBP clear|JJ salient|NN rules|NNS and|CC structures|NNS defining|VBG behaviour|NN .|. 
In|IN traditional|JJ bounded|JJ organisations|NNS and|CC careers|NNS the|DT proliferation|NN of|IN structure|NN ,|, hierarchy|NN ,|, plans|NNS ,|, detailed|JJ job|NN descriptions|NNS ,|, prescribed|VBN relationships|NNS ,|, and|CC established|VBD ‘|NN road|NN maps|NNS ’|NN provide|VBP an|DT armoury|NN of|IN articulated|JJ rules|NNS and|CC social|JJ cues|NNS to|TO guide|VB behaviour|NN .|. 
The|DT situation|NN is|VBZ ‘|NN strong|JJ ’|NN (|( Mischel|NNP ,|, 1968|CD )|) in|IN as|RB much|JJ as|IN it|PRP provides|VBZ little|JJ scope|NN for|IN improvisation|NN .|. 

In|IN the|DT pure|JJ form|NN of|IN the|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN ,|, however|RB ,|, such|JJ explicit|JJ guides|NNS do|VBP not|RB exist|VB .|. 
Instead|RB of|IN providing|VBG clear|JJ guidelines|NNS ,|, employment|NN situations|NNS are|VBP characterised|JJ by|IN ambiguity|NN .|. 
‘|NN Weak|NNP ’|NN situations|NNS fall|VBP short|JJ of|IN providing|VBG sufficient|JJ incentives|NNS for|IN consistent|JJ behaviour|NN or|CC even|RB similar|JJ expectations|NNS for|IN those|DT operating|VBG within|IN them|PRP (|( Mischel|NNP ,|, 1968|CD )|) .|. 
In|IN ‘|NN weak|JJ ’|NN situations|NNS individuals|NNS are|VBP not|RB able|JJ to|TO interpret|VB events|NNS in|IN the|DT same|JJ way|NN ,|, and|CC the|DT resulting|VBG ambiguity|NN opens|VBZ the|DT door|NN to|TO myriad|JJ personal|JJ interpretations|NNS and|CC opportunities|NNS for|IN enactment|NN .|. 
People|NNS engage|VBP in|IN a|DT stable|JJ process|NN of|IN trial|NN and|CC error|NN that|WDT resembles|VBZ an|DT evolutionary|JJ system|NN (|( Weick|NNP ,|, 1979|CD )|) .|. 
People|NNS join|VBP together|RB in|IN shared|VBN improvisation|NN that|WDT begins|VBZ to|TO form|VB new|JJ codes|NNS and|CC structures|NNS to|TO guide|VB their|PRP$ further|JJ behaviour|NN .|. 
In|IN the|DT process|NN ‘|NN microstrength|NN shapes|VBZ macroweaknesses|NNS ’|NN (|( Weick|NNP ,|, 1996|CD ,|, p.|NN 44|CD )|) through|IN the|DT unfolding|VBG of|IN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS .|. 

To|TO illustrate|VB the|DT preceding|VBG argument|NN we|PRP will|MD apply|VB Weick|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ ideas|NNS to|TO descriptions|NNS provided|VBN by|IN AnnaLee|NNP Saxenian|NNP (|( 1996|CD )|) on|IN the|DT dynamics|NNS of|IN the|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP and|CC by|IN Candace|NNP Jones|NNP (|( 1996|CD )|) on|IN the|DT independent|JJ film|NN industry|NN .|. 
We|PRP reinterpret|NN the|DT contributions|NNS of|IN these|DT authors|NNS by|IN explicitly|RB re-framing|JJ them|PRP within|IN Weick|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ framework|NN (|( and|CC we|PRP emphasise|NN it|PRP is|VBZ these|DT three|CD authors|NNS ,|, and|CC their|PRP$ original|JJ descriptions|NNS and|CC ideas|NNS ,|, that|WDT deserve|VBP the|DT major|JJ part|NN of|IN the|DT credit|NN for|IN this|DT chapter|NN )|) .|. 

To|TO show|VB how|WRB enactment|NN and|CC associated|VBN principles|NNS of|IN self|NN -|- organising|NN and|CC learning|VBG come|VB to|TO life|NN ,|, we|PRP will|MD trace|VB the|DT process|NN of|IN enactment|NN in|IN each|DT setting|VBG .|. 
First|LS ,|, we|PRP will|MD describe|VB the|DT factors|NNS that|WDT have|VBP contributed|VBN to|TO boundaryless|JJ career|NN forms|NNS in|IN each|DT example|NN .|. 
Next|JJ ,|, we|PRP will|MD cite|VB some|DT of|IN the|DT characteristics|NNS that|WDT make|VBP the|DT resulting|VBG circumstances|NNS ‘|NN weak|JJ ’|NN .|. 
After|IN that|IN we|PRP will|MD discuss|VB the|DT social|JJ behaviour|NN and|CC collective|JJ actions|NNS that|WDT fill|VBP the|DT resulting|VBG void|NN in|IN the|DT environment|NN .|. 
Finally|RB ,|, we|PRP will|MD point|VB out|RP the|DT patterns|NNS ,|, order|NN ,|, and|CC shape|VB we|PRP see|VBP enactment|NN bringing|VBG to|TO each|DT of|IN these|DT respective|JJ settings|NNS .|. 
By|IN doing|VBG so|IN we|PRP hope|VBP to|TO convey|VB the|DT pervasive|JJ qualities|NNS of|IN both|DT the|DT process|NN of|IN enactment|NN and|CC the|DT vehicle|NN through|IN which|WDT it|PRP operates|VBZ –|NN the|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN .|. 

The|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP The|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP is|VBZ notorious|JJ for|IN the|DT individual|JJ and|CC collective|JJ success|NN of|IN its|PRP$ firms|NNS .|. 
So|RB much|JJ so|IN that|IN the|DT name|NN ‘|NN Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP ’|NN has|VBZ come|VBN to|TO be|VB synonymous|JJ with|IN the|DT electronics|NNS industry|NN .|. 
The|DT region|NN is|VBZ regarded|VBN as|IN the|DT centre|NN for|IN excellence|NN and|CC innovation|NN and|CC has|VBZ given|VBN rise|NN to|TO some|DT of|IN the|DT world|NN ’|NN s|VBZ most|RBS influential|JJ firms|NNS ,|, including|VBG Apple|NNP ,|, Hewlett|NNP Packard|NNP ,|, and|CC Intel|NNP .|. 
Since|IN its|PRP$ inception|NN the|DT Valley|NNP has|VBZ operated|VBN with|IN an|DT individualistic|JJ open|JJ labour|NN market|NN .|. 
Today|NN ,|, the|DT learning|VBG advantages|NNS that|WDT emanate|NN from|IN associated|VBN boundaryless|JJ career|NN behaviour|NN are|VBP regarded|VBN as|IN a|DT key|JJ source|NN of|IN competitive|JJ advantage|NN for|IN the|DT region|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, 1996|CD )|) .|. 
One|PRP can|MD argue|VB that|IN the|DT Valley|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ ‘|NN boundarylessness|NNS ’|NN is|VBZ a|DT necessary|JJ feature|NN of|IN operating|VBG in|IN a|DT dynamic|JJ industry|NN that|WDT demands|NNS constant|JJ innovation|NN .|. 
Proponents|NNS point|VBP out|IN that|IN ,|, in|IN order|NN to|TO learn|VB and|CC solve|VB the|DT problems|NNS encountered|VBD in|IN rapid|JJ technological|JJ advancement|NN ,|, knowledge|NN must|MD be|VB shared|VBN among|IN firms|NNS in|IN a|DT symbiotic|JJ balance|NN between|IN co-operation|JJ and|CC competition|NN .|. 
Boundaryless|NNP characteristics|NNS appear|VBP more|RBR prominently|RB when|WRB an|DT industry|NN is|VBZ knowledge|NN –|NN rather|RB than|IN capital|NN -|- intensive|JJ or|CC when|WRB firms|NNS operate|VBP in|IN economic|JJ clusters|NNS .|. 

However|RB ,|, other|JJ industry|NN clusters|NNS and|CC several|JJ notable|JJ large|JJ electronics|NNS firms|NNS do|VBP not|RB engage|VB with|IN boundaryless|JJ practices|NNS .|. 
We|PRP may|MD ,|, therefore|RB ,|, attribute|VBP the|DT ‘|NN boundaryless|JJ ’|NN features|NNS of|IN the|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP to|TO its|PRP$ heritage|NN .|. 
Some|DT believe|VBP this|DT is|VBZ in|IN part|NN due|JJ to|TO the|DT location|NN of|IN the|DT region|NN ,|, hosting|VBG a|DT ‘|NN West|NNP Coast|NNP ’|NN Northern|NNP Californian|NN alternative|NN in|IN geographical|JJ isolation|NN from|IN the|DT established|VBN ‘|NN East|NNP Coast|NNP ’|NN industry|NN .|. 
The|DT greenfield|NN site|NN had|VBD an|DT empty|JJ slate|NN and|CC no|DT institutional|JJ rules|NNS .|. 
Others|NNS ,|, like|IN the|DT late|JJ William|NNP Hewlett|NNP ,|, a|DT key|JJ and|CC highly|RB influential|JJ founder|NN of|IN the|DT region|NN ,|, believe|VBP that|DT success|NN stemmed|VBD from|IN the|DT learning|VBG advantages|NNS of|IN an|DT open|JJ labour|NN market|NN .|. 
Hewlett|NNP ‘|NN routinely|RB offered|VBD the|DT following|VBG advice|NN . . .|... ‘|NN ‘|NN If|IN you|PRP want|VBP to|TO succeed|VB here|RB you|PRP need|VBP to|TO be|VB willing|JJ to|TO do|VB three|CD things|NNS :|: change|NN jobs|NNS often|RB ,|, talk|NN to|TO your|PRP$ competitors|NNS and|CC take|VB risks|NNS –|NN even|RB if|IN it|PRP means|VBZ failing|VBG ’|NN ’|NN ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, 1996|CD ,|, p.|NN 23|CD )|) .|. 
Hewlett|NNP was|VBD himself|PRP influenced|VBN by|IN his|PRP$ Stanford|NNP Dean|NNP of|IN Engineering|NNP William|NNP Terman|NNP ,|, a|DT mentor|NN and|CC an|DT influential|JJ Hewlett|NNP Packard|NNP board|NN member|NN (|( Collins|NNP &|CC Porras|NNP ,|, 1995|CD )|) .|. 
Today|NN ,|, Hewlett|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ and|CC Terman|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ philosophy|NN permeates|NNS the|DT region|NN .|. 
Despite|IN fierce|JJ inter-firm|JJ competition|NN ,|, open|JJ information|NN exchange|NN is|VBZ common|JJ practice|NN among|IN the|DT region|NN ’|NN s|VBZ producers|NNS .|. 

Several|JJ features|NNS of|IN the|DT Valley|NNP contribute|VBP to|TO creating|VBG a|DT ‘|NN weak|JJ ’|NN environment|NN .|. 
The|DT high|JJ pace|NN of|IN technology|NN and|CC product|NN life|NN cycles|NNS ,|, fluidity|NN of|IN firm|JJ formation|NN and|CC failure|NN ,|, rapid|JJ employee|NN turnover|NN resulting|VBG in|IN little|RB com-pany|NN -|- specific|JJ socialisation|NN ,|, as|RB well|RB as|IN a|DT lack|NN of|IN meaningful|JJ institutionally|RB based|VBN hierarchy|NN ,|, all|DT contribute|VBP to|TO an|DT environment|NN in|IN which|WDT individuals|NNS rely|VBP on|IN alternative|JJ cues|NNS to|TO guide|VB their|PRP$ behaviour|NN .|. 
For|IN example|NN ,|, in|IN the|DT Valley|NNP ,|, technology|NN moves|NNS quickly|RB and|CC competition|NN is|VBZ tough|JJ .|. 
New|JJ firms|NNS form|VBP almost|RB overnight|RB -|- and|CC many|JJ disappear|VB just|RB as|RB quickly|RB .|. 
When|WRB firms|NNS come|VBP and|CC go|VB like|IN ships|NNS in|IN the|DT night|NN it|PRP is|VBZ not|RB surprising|JJ that|IN employees|NNS tend|VBP to|TO identify|VB with|IN their|PRP$ profession|NN ,|, not|RB their|PRP$ company|NN .|. 
Moreover|RB ,|, people|NNS ’|NN s|VBZ loyalty|NN is|VBZ not|RB only|RB to|TO their|PRP$ profession|NN ,|, but|CC to|TO the|DT host|NN industry|NN region|NN .|. 
‘|NN As|IN one|CD local|JJ semiconductor|NN executive|NN reportedly|RB noted|VBD :|: ‘|NN ‘|NN Many|JJ of|IN us|PRP wake|VBP up|RB in|IN the|DT morning|NN thinking|VBG that|IN we|PRP work|VBP for|IN Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP Inc.|NN ’|NN ’|NN ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, 1996|CD ,|, p.|NN 23|CD )|) .|. 
They|PRP view|VBP job|NN -|- changing|NN as|IN the|DT norm|NN .|. 

Average|JJ job|NN tenure|NN is|VBZ in|IN the|DT area|NN of|IN two|CD years|NNS ,|, and|CC annual|JJ turnover|NN is|VBZ around|IN 35|CD %|NN ,|, and|CC often|RB higher|JJR for|IN smaller|JJR firms|NNS (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, 1996|CD )|) .|. 
As|IN one|CD engineer|NN explained|VBD :|: ‘|NN two|CD or|CC three|CD years|NNS is|VBZ about|IN the|DT max|NN [|NN at|IN a|DT job|NN ]|NN for|IN the|DT Valley|NNP because|IN there|EX ’|NN s|VBZ always|RB something|NN more|RBR interesting|JJ across|IN the|DT street|NN ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, p.|NN 28|CD )|) .|. 
Knowledge|NNP and|CC practices|NNS cross|VBP company|NN borders|NNS at|IN a|DT pace|NN that|WDT defies|VBZ the|DT embedding|VBG of|IN ‘|NN routines|NNS ’|NN within|IN the|DT boundaries|NNS of|IN any|DT single|JJ company|NN ,|, and|CC instead|RB favours|NNS inter-company|JJ exchange|NN .|. 
Everyone|NN knows|VBZ that|IN ,|, upon|IN leaving|VBG a|DT company|NN ,|, they|PRP may|MD well|RB work|VB together|RB again|RB in|IN the|DT future|JJ :|: ‘|NN A|DT colleague|NN might|MD become|VB a|DT customer|NN or|CC a|DT competitor|NN ;|: today|NN ’|NN s|VBZ boss|NN could|MD be|VB tomorrow|NN ’|NN s|VBZ subordinate|JJ ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, p.|NN 29|CD )|) .|. 
Institutionally|NNP based|VBD hierarchy|NN ,|, therefore|RB ,|, loses|VBZ its|PRP$ saliency|NN .|. 
In|IN the|DT Valley|NNP ,|, respect|NN and|CC authority|NN are|VBP gained|VBN through|IN competence|NN ,|, technical|JJ excellence|NN ,|, and|CC market|NN share|NN ,|, with|IN the|DT highest|JJS regard|NN accorded|VBN to|TO successful|JJ entrepreneurs|NNS .|. 

In|IN the|DT context|NN of|IN this|DT ‘|NN weak|JJ ’|NN environment|NN ,|, clear|JJ social|JJ behaviour|NN emerges|VBZ as|IN structure|NN gets|VBZ built|VBN at|IN the|DT micro|JJ -|- level|NN .|. 
People|NNS seek|VBP to|TO form|VB relationships|NNS and|CC routines|NNS in|IN order|NN to|TO learn|VB and|CC thrive|VBP in|IN their|PRP$ surroundings|NNS .|. 
In|IN the|DT Valley|NNP ,|, information|NN is|VBZ the|DT life|NN -|- blood|NN of|IN the|DT industry|NN and|CC continuous|JJ learning|NN through|IN relationships|NNS is|VBZ the|DT key|NN to|TO a|DT successful|JJ career|NN .|. 
People|NNS build|VBP their|PRP$ own|JJ competence|NN by|IN active|JJ membership|NN in|IN the|DT larger|JJR learning|VBG community|NN .|. 
Learning|NNP takes|VBZ place|NN in|IN the|DT pub|NN or|CC club|NN .|. 
In|IN the|DT Valley|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ early|JJ days|NNS ,|, it|PRP used|VBD to|TO take|VB place|NN in|IN the|DT infamous|JJ Wagon|NNP Wheel|NNP Bar|NNP and|CC the|DT Homebrew|NNP Computer|NNP Club|NNP .|. 
Now|RB it|PRP takes|VBZ place|NN in|IN one|CD of|IN many|JJ watering|NN holes|NNS or|CC hobby|NN groups|NNS where|WRB the|DT Valley|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ high|JJ -|- technology|NN workers|NNS regularly|RB meet|VBP for|IN lunch|NN or|CC after|IN work|NN .|. 
In|IN these|DT meeting|NN places|NNS ,|, people|NNS gather|VBP to|TO see|VB old|JJ friends|NNS ,|, gossip|NN ,|, and|CC make|VB new|JJ acquaintances|NNS .|. 
In|IN the|DT workers|NNS ’|NN adopted|VBD social|JJ settings|NNS ,|, the|DT transition|NN from|IN friendly|JJ chatter|NN to|TO serious|JJ business|NN occurs|VBZ naturally|RB .|. 

In|IN the|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP ,|, collective|JJ actions|NNS unfold|VB through|IN a|DT combination|NN of|IN mutual|JJ interests|NNS ,|, intellectual|JJ curiosity|NN ,|, and|CC problem|NN solving|VBG geared|VBN towards|IN developing|VBG new|JJ markets|NNS ,|, technologies|NNS ,|, products|NNS ,|, or|CC applications|NNS for|IN computers|NNS .|. 
Workers|NNS have|VBP a|DT systemic|JJ commitment|NN to|TO technical|JJ excellence|NN in|IN their|PRP$ field|NN .|. 
As|IN one|CD engineer|NN explained|VBD ,|, the|DT process|NN is|VBZ quite|RB simple|JJ :|: ‘|NN people|NNS rub|VBP shoulders|NNS and|CC share|NN ideas|NNS ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, p.|NN 27|CD )|) .|. 
The|DT knowledge|NN of|IN these|DT informal|JJ groups|NNS is|VBZ so|RB powerful|JJ that|IN many|JJ ‘|NN local|JJ entrepreneurs|NNS came|VBD to|TO see|VB social|JJ relationships|NNS and|CC even|RB gossip|NN as|IN crucial|JJ aspects|NNS of|IN their|PRP$ business|NN ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, p.|NN 26|CD )|) As|IN one|CD local|JJ manager|NN claimed|VBD :|: ‘|NN ‘|NN ‘|NN Over|IN a|DT lunch|NN conversation|NN or|CC a|DT beer|NN ,|, you|PRP ’|NN ll|NN learn|VB that|DT company|NN A|DT or|CC company|NN B|NNP has|VBZ a|DT technology|NN you|PRP want|VBP . . .|... If|IN it|PRP fits|VBZ your|PRP$ needs|NNS ,|, you|PRP ’|NN ll|NN build|VB it|PRP into|IN your|PRP$ next|JJ product|NN ’|NN ’|NN ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, p.|NN 31|CD )|) .|. 
In|IN this|DT manner|NN ,|, micro|JJ -|- level|NN conversations|NNS influence|VBP the|DT creation|NN of|IN new|JJ technologies|NNS ,|, products|NNS ,|, and|CC applications|NNS .|. 

It|PRP is|VBZ through|IN such|JJ social|JJ interaction|NN and|CC collective|JJ action|NN that|IN we|PRP begin|VBP to|TO understand|VB how|WRB patterns|NNS and|CC order|NN emerge|VB in|IN the|DT Valley|NNP .|. 
In|IN the|DT absence|NN of|IN hierarchy|NN and|CC centralised|JJ planning|NN ,|, employees|NNS in|IN the|DT Valley|NNP rely|VB on|IN their|PRP$ skills|NNS ,|, rather|RB than|IN on|IN formal|JJ position|NN ,|, to|TO provide|VB a|DT reference|NN point|NN for|IN their|PRP$ careers|NNS .|. 
Such|JJ self|NN -|- generated|VBN guides|NNS are|VBP reinforced|VBN by|IN professional|JJ social|JJ networks|NNS ,|, which|WDT provide|VBP a|DT tacit|JJ road|NN map|NN about|IN who|WP knows|VBZ who|WP and|CC who|WP does|VBZ what|WP in|IN the|DT industry|NN .|. 
These|DT networks|NNS serve|VBP as|IN efficient|JJ job|NN search|NN networks|NNS and|CC makeshift|JJ recruitment|NN centres|NNS .|. 
As|IN one|CD engineer|NN reported|VBD :|: ‘|NN ‘|NN ‘|NN You|PRP don|VB ’|NN t|NN just|RB hire|VB people|NNS out|IN of|IN the|DT blue|NN .|. 
In|IN general|JJ ,|, it|PRP ’|NN s|VBZ people|NNS you|PRP know|VBP ,|, or|CC you|PRP know|VBP someone|NN who|WP knows|VBZ them|PRP ’|NN ’|NN ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, p.|NN 27|CD )|) .|. 
Social|JJ networks|NNS impose|VB structure|NN on|IN larger|JJR and|CC looser|JJR situations|NNS .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ the|DT region|NN and|CC its|PRP$ relationships|NNS ,|, rather|RB than|IN the|DT firm|NN ,|, that|WDT define|VB opportunities|NNS for|IN individual|JJ and|CC collective|JJ advances|NNS in|IN Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, 1996|CD )|) .|. 

Thus|RB ,|, while|IN Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ high|JJ rates|NNS of|IN job|NN mobility|NN and|CC new|JJ -|- firm|NN formation|NN lead|NN to|TO local|JJ losses|NNS for|IN individual|JJ firms|NNS ,|, they|PRP also|RB foster|VB a|DT dynamic|JJ process|NN of|IN adaptation|NN that|WDT spurs|VBZ the|DT evolution|NN of|IN the|DT region|NN .|. 
Knowledge|NNP of|IN the|DT latest|JJS techniques|NNS in|IN design|NN ,|, production|NN ,|, and|CC marketing|NN is|VBZ diffused|JJ rapidly|RB throughout|IN the|DT area|NN .|. 
The|DT result|NN is|VBZ an|DT exceptional|JJ rate|NN of|IN technical|JJ and|CC organisational|NN innovation|NN created|VBN by|IN a|DT ‘|NN complex|JJ mix|NN of|IN social|JJ solidarity|NN and|CC individualistic|JJ competition|NN ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, 1996|CD ,|, p.|NN 25|CD )|) .|. 
The|DT resilience|NN of|IN Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ economy|NN shows|VBZ that|IN an|DT unpredictable|JJ open|JJ labour|NN market|NN and|CC seemingly|RB ‘|NN chaotic|JJ ’|NN career|NN paths|NNS and|CC relationships|NNS have|VBP led|VBN to|TO macro|JJ -|- economic|JJ stability|NN for|IN the|DT region|NN and|CC hence|RB continued|VBD opportunity|NN for|IN the|DT community|NN at|IN large|JJ .|. 
‘|NN Ironically|RB ,|, many|JJ of|IN these|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP job|NN hoppers|NNS may|MD well|RB have|VB led|VBN more|RBR stable|JJ lives|NNS than|IN the|DT upwardly|RB mobile|JJ ‘|NN ‘|NN organizational|JJ men|NNS ’|NN ’|NN of|IN the|DT 1950s|NN who|WP were|VBD transferred|VBN from|IN place|NN to|TO place|VB by|IN the|DT same|JJ employer|NN ’|NN (|( Saxenian|NNP ,|, p.|NN 28|CD )|) .|. 

The|DT independent|JJ film|NN -|- making|NN industry|NN Like|IN the|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP ,|, the|DT independent|JJ film|NN -|- making|NN industry|NN is|VBZ noted|VBN for|IN its|PRP$ innovative|JJ ability|NN ,|, cutting|VBG edge|NN creativity|NN ,|, and|CC overall|JJ economic|JJ success|NN .|. 
Like|IN in|IN the|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP ,|, boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS are|VBP central|JJ to|TO independent|JJ film|NN -|- making|NN activities|NNS .|. 
These|DT activities|NNS evolved|VBD in|IN the|DT wake|NN of|IN fierce|JJ competition|NN posed|VBN by|IN the|DT proliferation|NN of|IN television|NN and|CC the|DT need|NN to|TO cut|VB fixed|VBN costs|NNS .|. 
They|PRP superseded|VBD the|DT former|JJ studio|NN -|- based|JJ model|NN of|IN in|IN -|- house|NN film|NN production|NN ,|, and|CC its|PRP$ associated|VBN restrictive|JJ practices|NNS .|. 
Since|IN the|DT early|JJ 1970s|NN ,|, the|DT new|JJ model|NN has|VBZ persisted|VBD .|. 
Boundaryless|NNP careers|NNS provide|VBP the|DT building|NN blocks|NNS that|WDT combine|VBP to|TO facilitate|VB production|NN of|IN the|DT industry|NN ’|NN s|VBZ separately|RB creative|JJ parts|NNS .|. 
Independent|JJ film|NN production|NN has|VBZ thrived|VBD as|IN a|DT superior|JJ organising|VBG model|NN to|TO its|PRP$ in|IN -|- house|NN predecessor|NN (|( Jones|NNP ,|, 1996|CD )|) .|. 

Several|JJ characteristics|NNS of|IN the|DT independent|JJ film|NN industry|NN favour|NN boundarylessness|NNS ,|, including|VBG the|DT uncertainty|NN in|IN the|DT marketplace|NN ,|, the|DT limited|JJ project|NN duration|NN ,|, the|DT lack|NN of|IN vertical|JJ integration|NN among|IN industry|NN players|NNS ,|, and|CC the|DT excess|JJ supply|NN of|IN quality|NN labour|NN .|. 
The|DT uncertainty|NN of|IN the|DT market|NN stems|VBZ from|IN the|DT fact|NN that|DT production|NN of|IN any|DT particular|JJ film|NN revolves|VBZ around|IN whether|IN or|CC not|RB sufficient|JJ financing|NN is|VBZ obtained|VBN to|TO start|VB and|CC ultimately|RB complete|JJ production|NN of|IN any|DT given|VBN film|NN .|. 
When|WRB financing|NN is|VBZ arranged|VBN ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ specifically|RB for|IN the|DT purpose|NN of|IN completing|VBG a|DT single|JJ project|NN ,|, the|DT making|NN of|IN the|DT film|NN .|. 
The|DT limited|JJ duration|NN of|IN the|DT project|NN is|VBZ such|JJ that|IN all|DT resources|NNS ,|, including|VBG human|JJ resources|NNS ,|, are|VBP temporary|JJ .|. 
The|DT assembled|VBN company|NN is|VBZ essentially|RB wound|VBN down|RB upon|IN the|DT film|NN ’|NN s|VBZ release|NN .|. 
At|IN this|DT time|NN ,|, the|DT film|NN ’|NN s|VBZ credits|NNS symbolise|NN that|IN those|DT who|WP made|VBD it|PRP have|VBP moved|VBN on|IN to|TO other|JJ assignments|NNS .|. 

Uncertainty|NN over|IN financing|NN and|CC limited|JJ project|NN duration|NN foster|VB a|DT ‘|NN weak|JJ ’|NN environment|NN in|IN which|WDT permanent|JJ structure|NN is|VBZ dysfunctional|NN .|. 
Studios|NNP combine|VB with|IN subcontractors|NNS for|IN specific|JJ film|NN projects|NNS and|CC disband|VB when|WRB the|DT work|NN is|VBZ done|VBN .|. 
Moreover|RB ,|, the|DT project|NN -|- based|JJ system|NN allows|VBZ for|IN highly|RB complex|JJ ,|, unique|JJ ‘|NN products|NNS ’|NN –|- films|NNS –|- to|TO benefit|VB from|IN rapid|JJ and|CC efficient|JJ allocation|NN and|CC re-allocation|JJ of|IN resources|NNS .|. 
Each|DT time|NN a|DT film|NN is|VBZ completed|VBN the|DT whole|JJ process|NN starts|VBZ over|IN again|RB and|CC employment|NN relationships|NNS are|VBP re-negotiated|JJ .|. 
A|DT ready|JJ supply|NN of|IN quality|NN labour|NN contributes|VBZ to|TO the|DT success|NN of|IN the|DT independent|JJ production|NN model|NN .|. 
The|DT industry|NN is|VBZ a|DT magnet|NN for|IN talented|JJ ,|, committed|VBN workers|NNS eager|JJ for|IN work|NN on|IN the|DT industry|NN ’|NN s|VBZ terms|NNS .|. 
These|DT include|VBP being|VBG ready|JJ to|TO depart|VB to|TO remote|JJ locations|NNS at|IN a|DT moment|NN ’|NN s|VBZ notice|NN .|. 
However|RB ,|, as|IN with|IN Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP high|JJ -|- technology|NN projects|NNS ,|, much|JJ of|IN the|DT work|NN is|VBZ economically|RB ‘|NN clustered|VBN ’|NN ,|, thereby|RB facilitating|VBG fluidity|NN of|IN movement|NN from|IN one|CD challenge|NN to|TO another|DT .|. 

As|IN Jones|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ (|( 1996|CD )|) research|NN affirms|NNS ,|, people|NNS ’|NN s|VBZ social|JJ behaviour|NN reveals|VBZ that|IN several|JJ distinct|JJ stages|NNS can|MD be|VB observed|VBN over|IN the|DT course|NN of|IN a|DT career|NN in|IN the|DT film|NN industry|NN .|. 
At|IN the|DT ‘|NN beginning|VBG ’|NN stage|NN ,|, freelance|NN employees|NNS are|VBP constantly|RB vying|VBG to|TO participate|VB in|IN an|DT industry|NN in|IN which|WDT there|EX are|VBP no|DT clear|JJ rules|NNS for|IN entry|NN .|. 
As|IN one|CD grip|NN /|NN electrician|NN explained|VBD :|: ‘|NN ‘|NN ‘|NN There|EX ’|NN s|VBZ no|DT tried|VBN and|CC true|JJ way|NN to|TO get|VB started|VBD .|. 
You|PRP have|VBP to|TO find|VB people|NNS you|PRP like|VBP who|WP make|VBP movies|NNS . . .|... It|PRP ’|NN s|VBZ getting|VBG the|DT first|JJ job|NN that|WDT is|VBZ the|DT hardest|JJS ’|NN ’|NN ’|NN (|( Jones|NNP ,|, 1996|CD ,|, p.|NN 62|CD )|) .|. 
Once|RB inside|RB ,|, the|DT worker|NN at|IN the|DT ‘|NN crafting|VBG ’|NN stage|NN finds|VBZ that|IN ,|, ‘|NN You|PRP build|VBP your|PRP$ reputation|NN every|DT day|NN .|. 
You|PRP ’|NN re|NN only|RB as|RB good|JJ as|IN your|PRP$ last|JJ job|NN ’|NN (|( pp.|NN 64|CD –|NN 5|CD )|) .|. 
Reputation|NNP matters|NNS ,|, as|IN careers|NNS are|VBP self|NN -|- |NN managed|JJ and|CC advanced|VBD through|IN successive|JJ ‘|NN credits|NNS ’|NN that|DT span|NN multiple|JJ ,|, largely|RB forgotten|VBN ,|, temporary|JJ film|NN -|- making|NN companies|NNS .|. 

Having|VBG learned|VBN key|JJ skills|NNS and|CC become|VB indoctrinated|VBN into|IN the|DT industry|NN culture|NN ,|, individuals|NNS enter|VBP a|DT ‘|NN navigating|VBG ’|NN stage|NN ,|, furthering|VBG their|PRP$ reputation|NN and|CC developing|VBG the|DT personal|JJ contacts|NNS that|WDT provide|VBP the|DT resources|NNS to|TO navigate|VB from|IN one|CD project|NN to|TO another|DT .|. 
In|IN the|DT words|NNS of|IN one|CD film|NN commissioner|NN ,|, ‘|NN ‘|NN ‘|NN We|PRP are|VBP a|DT big|JJ industry|NN but|CC a|DT small|JJ industry|NN because|IN we|PRP talk|VBP to|TO one|CD another|DT ’|NN ’|NN ’|NN (|( Jones|NNP ,|, 1996|CD ,|, p.|NN 65|CD )|) .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ through|IN talking|VBG to|TO each|DT other|JJ that|IN people|NNS gain|VBP access|NN to|TO experiences|NNS that|IN both|DT hone|VB existing|VBG abilities|NNS and|CC cultivate|NN more|RBR complex|JJ skills|NNS .|. 
Eventually|RB ,|, successful|JJ careers|NNS go|VBP full|JJ circle|NN and|CC move|NN to|TO a|DT ‘|NN maintenance|NN ’|NN stage|NN .|. 
Here|RB ,|, senior|JJ members|NNS of|IN the|DT industry|NN identify|VB and|CC train|VB new|JJ members|NNS ,|, establish|VB workshops|NNS that|WDT develop|VBP talent|NN in|IN the|DT field|NN ,|, and|CC co-ordinate|JJ events|NNS such|JJ as|IN film|NN festivals|NNS .|. 
During|IN this|DT period|NN people|NNS address|VBP personal|JJ needs|VBZ which|WDT may|MD have|VB been|VBN neglected|VBN during|IN earlier|JJR career|NN stages|NNS because|IN of|IN the|DT necessity|NN to|TO survive|VB in|IN a|DT relatively|RB unforgiving|JJ industry|NN .|. 

In|IN a|DT ‘|NN weak|JJ ’|NN environment|NN that|WDT lasts|VBZ a|DT lifetime|NN ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ critical|JJ that|IN non-bureaucratic|JJ forms|NNS of|IN cohesion|NN bring|VB order|NN to|TO the|DT industry|NN .|. 
Part|NN of|IN this|DT cohesion|NN is|VBZ provided|VBN by|IN subcontractors|NNS ,|, whose|WP$ processes|NNS of|IN selection|NN ,|, training|NN ,|, and|CC socialisation|NN bring|VB boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS together|RB in|IN project|NN -|- based|JJ arrangements|NNS that|WDT provide|VBP tacit|JJ infrastructure|NN and|CC social|JJ familiarity|NN .|. 
However|RB ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ at|IN the|DT level|NN of|IN the|DT individual|JJ career|NN that|IN we|PRP can|MD most|RBS clearly|RB see|VB the|DT micro|JJ -|- level|NN behaviour|NN that|WDT fills|VBZ the|DT relatively|RB structure|NN -|- less|JJR context|NN .|. 
Despite|IN the|DT fact|NN that|IN no|DT explicit|JJ rules|NNS or|CC operating|NN procedures|NNS exist|VBP there|EX is|VBZ much|JJ tacit|JJ communication|NN that|IN binds|NNS professionals|NNS together|RB .|. 
The|DT aggregate|JJ effects|NNS of|IN individuals|NNS acting|VBG independently|RB leads|VBZ to|TO macro|JJ -|- level|NN cohesion|NN .|. 
Shared|NNP understanding|NN and|CC related|VBN expectations|NNS ,|, for|IN example|NN regarding|VBG the|DT need|NN for|IN unusual|JJ working|NN hours|NNS and|CC the|DT use|NN of|IN ‘|NN idle|JJ ’|NN time|NN to|TO teach|VB newcomers|NNS professional|JJ skills|NNS ,|, play|VBP a|DT key|JJ role|NN linking|VBG identities|NNS to|TO workplace|NN interactions|NNS .|. 
In|IN the|DT process|NN of|IN learning|VBG the|DT ropes|NNS ,|, individuals|NNS are|VBP socialised|JJ and|CC begin|VB to|TO make|VB key|JJ contacts|NNS that|WDT help|VBP progress|VB them|PRP to|TO the|DT next|JJ stages|NNS of|IN their|PRP$ career|NN .|. 
Once|RB socialised|JJ ,|, people|NNS engage|VBP in|IN collective|JJ learning|NN as|IN they|PRP problem|NN -|- solve|VB on|IN a|DT project|NN -|- by|IN -|- project|NN basis|NN .|. 
Learning|NNP accumulates|NNS ,|, disperses|NNS ,|, and|CC evolves|NNS as|IN industry|NN specialists|NNS enact|VB their|PRP$ working|VBG environment|NN .|. 

From|IN micro|JJ -|- level|NN enactment|NN we|PRP see|VBP macro|JJ -|- level|NN influence|NN and|CC patterns|NNS ,|, order|NN and|CC shape|NN in|IN the|DT independent|JJ film|NN industry|NN .|. 
Not|RB only|RB do|VBP we|PRP observe|VBP distinct|JJ stages|NNS of|IN careers|NNS ,|, we|PRP see|VBP aggregate|JJ social|JJ norms|NNS influencing|VBG behaviour|NN .|. 
What|WP one|PRP can|MD see|VB from|IN the|DT pattern|NN of|IN progression|NN that|IN characterises|NNS freelance|NN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS in|IN the|DT film|NN industry|NN is|VBZ that|IN although|IN few|JJ formal|JJ boundaries|NNS exist|VBP ,|, persistent|JJ social|JJ structures|NNS and|CC repeated|VBN patterns|NNS of|IN interaction|NN can|MD be|VB observed|VBN .|. 
In|IN the|DT process|NN of|IN enacting|VBG their|PRP$ careers|NNS ,|, individuals|NNS engage|VBP in|IN reinforcing|VBG the|DT cohesive|JJ social|JJ patterns|NNS of|IN the|DT industry|NN which|WDT serve|VBP to|TO guide|VB the|DT stages|NNS of|IN their|PRP$ development|NN .|. 
In|IN this|DT respect|NN careers|NNS in|IN the|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP and|CC the|DT film|NN industry|NN have|VBP much|RB in|IN common|JJ ,|, with|IN organising|VBG in|IN film|NN -|- making|NN resembling|VBG a|DT ‘|NN project|NN -|- based|JJ ’|NN Valley|NNP .|. 
Just|RB as|IN careers|NNS can|MD be|VB traced|VBN in|IN the|DT Valley|NNP through|IN the|DT development|NN of|IN technology|NN and|CC tightly|RB knit|VBN project|NN teams|NNS ,|, in|IN film|NN a|DT clear|JJ pattern|NN also|RB emerges|VBZ that|WDT reveals|VBZ micro|JJ -|- level|NN organising|VBG shaping|VBG macro|NN activity|NN .|. 

Refinements|NNP on|IN enactment|NN Agency|NNP and|CC communion|NN Both|DT of|IN our|PRP$ previous|JJ examples|NNS suggest|VBP that|IN the|DT enactment|NN of|IN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS unfolds|VBZ through|IN a|DT mixture|NN of|IN personal|JJ initiative|NN and|CC mutual|JJ co-operation|JJ .|. 
Marshall|NNP (|( 1989|CD )|) ,|, after|IN Bakan|NNP (|( 1966|CD )|) ,|, refers|VBZ to|TO the|DT elements|NNS in|IN this|DT mixture|NN as|IN agency|NN and|CC communion|NN .|. 
At|IN a|DT very|RB basic|JJ level|NN agency|NN is|VBZ about|IN control|NN and|CC communion|NN is|VBZ about|IN co-operation|JJ .|. 
Agency|NNP is|VBZ individualistic|JJ ,|, and|CC characterised|JJ by|IN autonomy|NN ,|, independence|NN ,|, initiative|NN ,|, and|CC adaptation|NN .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ fundamental|JJ to|TO boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS in|IN that|DT people|NNS are|VBP ultimately|RB responsible|JJ for|IN their|PRP$ own|JJ development|NN .|. 
Communion|NNP ,|, in|IN contrast|NN to|TO agency|NN ,|, is|VBZ concerned|VBN about|IN connections|NNS ,|, relationships|NNS ,|, tolerance|NN ,|, and|CC trust|NN .|. 
It|PRP is|VBZ fundamental|JJ to|TO boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS in|IN that|DT people|NNS need|VBP to|TO manage|VB their|PRP$ own|JJ arrangements|NNS for|IN working|VBG with|IN others.1|NN 

In|IN ‘|NN weak|JJ ’|NN environments|NNS ,|, in|IN which|WDT rules|NNS are|VBP not|RB defined|VBN and|CC behavioural|NN responses|NNS not|RB controlled|VBN ,|, both|DT agency|NN and|CC communion|NN are|VBP means|VBZ by|IN which|WDT people|NNS respond|VBP to|TO uncertainty|NN .|. 
Agency|NNP provides|VBZ direction|NN and|CC drive|NN to|TO career|NN behaviour|NN and|CC helps|VBZ to|TO diffuse|NN ambiguity|NN by|IN providing|VBG vision|NN and|CC long|JJ -|- term|NN goals|NNS .|. 
Left|NNP to|TO its|PRP$ own|JJ means|NNS ,|, however|RB ,|, agency|NN may|MD cause|VB strong|JJ hierarchies|NNS to|TO reform|VB ,|, the|DT balance|NN of|IN power|NN to|TO be|VB lost|VBN ,|, and|CC ,|, most|RBS importantly|RB ,|, the|DT trust|NN and|CC co-operation|JJ necessary|JJ for|IN people|NNS and|CC information|NN to|TO move|VB across|IN boundaries|NNS to|TO be|VB forfeited|JJ .|. 
Communion|NNP provides|VBZ the|DT platform|NN for|IN mutual|JJ support|NN and|CC collective|JJ learning|NN through|IN which|WDT shared|VBD visions|NNS may|MD be|VB pursued|VBN .|. 
However|RB ,|, unbridled|JJ communion|NN may|MD neglect|NN to|TO attend|VB to|TO the|DT mechanisms|NNS and|CC rewards|NNS through|IN which|WDT effective|JJ collaboration|NN can|MD occur|VB .|. 

The|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP and|CC independent|JJ film|NN -|- making|NN examples|NNS illustrate|VBP the|DT interplay|NN of|IN agency|NN and|CC communion|NN .|. 
Agency|NNP occurs|VBZ through|IN the|DT individual|JJ initiative|NN and|CC enthusiasm|NN people|NNS bring|VBP to|TO their|PRP$ careers|NNS within|IN their|PRP$ adopted|VBN industries|NNS ,|, communion|NN occurs|VBZ through|IN the|DT collaborative|JJ ways|NNS of|IN working|VBG that|DT substitute|NN for|IN more|JJR formal|JJ arrangements|NNS .|. 
Together|RB ,|, the|DT combination|NN of|IN behaviours|NNS supports|VBZ current|JJ high|JJ -|- technology|NN or|CC film|NN -|- making|NN projects|NNS while|IN it|PRP simultaneously|RB develops|VBZ people|NNS for|IN further|JJ opportunities|NNS .|. 
This|DT development|NN includes|VBZ community|NN -|- building|VBG that|WDT will|MD influence|VB the|DT make|VB -|- up|RP and|CC effectiveness|NN of|IN future|JJ project|NN teams|NNS .|. 
Host|NN industries|NNS will|MD thrive|VB ,|, our|PRP$ examples|NNS suggest|VBP ,|, as|RB long|RB as|IN agency|NN and|CC communion|NN are|VBP allowed|VBN to|TO work|VB in|IN tandem|JJ (|( Rousseau|NNP &|CC Arthur|NNP ,|, 1999|CD )|) .|. 

Contemporary|NNP views|NNS of|IN work|NN frequently|RB lament|NN a|DT loss|NN of|IN community|NN in|IN restructured|VBN employment|NN arrangements|NNS .|. 
However|RB ,|, in|IN calling|VBG for|IN a|DT return|NN to|TO community|NN ,|, these|DT views|NNS frequently|RB look|VBP no|RB further|RB than|IN the|DT single|JJ company|NN .|. 
An|DT enactment|NN perspective|NN suggests|VBZ that|IN communities|NNS can|MD be|VB much|RB more|RBR broadly|RB diffused|JJ .|. 
Both|DT the|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP and|CC film|NN -|- making|NN stories|NNS demonstrate|VBP that|IN host|NN industries|NNS ,|, as|RB well|RB as|IN their|PRP$ embedded|VBN occupations|NNS ,|, provide|VB alternative|JJ contexts|NNS for|IN community|NN -|- building|VBG to|TO occur|VB .|. 
Other|JJ kinds|NNS of|IN community|NN –|NN stemming|VBG ,|, for|IN example|NN ,|, from|IN shared|VBN ideological|JJ ,|, family|NN ,|, educational|JJ ,|, ethnic|JJ ,|, or|CC gender|NN attachments|NNS –|NN can|MD also|RB provide|VB enduring|VBG support|NN for|IN people|NNS ’|NN s|VBZ boundaryless|JJ career|NN endeavours|NNS (|( Parker|NNP &|CC Arthur|NNP ,|, 2000|CD )|) .|. 

1|CD Some|DT researchers|NNS ,|, notably|RB Marshall|NNP (|( 1989|CD )|) ,|, emphasise|NN the|DT feminine|JJ characteristics|NNS of|IN communion|NN versus|CC the|DT masculine|JJ characteristics|NNS of|IN agency|NN .|. 
We|PRP do|VBP not|RB do|VB so|RB here|RB ,|, although|IN it|PRP may|MD be|VB interesting|JJ to|TO contemplate|VB whether|IN the|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP is|VBZ ,|, in|IN the|DT broadest|JJS sense|NN ,|, ‘|NN feminised|JJ ’|NN .|. 

Reciprocity|NNP A|DT related|VBN concept|NN is|VBZ that|IN of|IN reciprocity|NN .|. 
Since|IN workers|NNS cannot|NN be|VBP all|DT things|NNS to|TO all|DT people|NNS all|DT of|IN the|DT time|NN ,|, a|DT balance|NN of|IN behaviours|NNS is|VBZ required|VBN .|. 
Reciprocity|NNP refers|VBZ to|TO the|DT connection|NN between|IN what|WP people|NNS give|VBP to|TO and|CC what|WP people|NNS take|VBP from|IN their|PRP$ employment|NN situations|NNS .|. 
Traditional|JJ career|NN models|NNS used|VBN to|TO prescribe|VB that|IN people|NNS offer|VBP loyalty|NN in|IN return|NN for|IN deferred|VBN rewards|NNS .|. 
Accordingly|RB ,|, deferred|VBN pension|NN rights|NNS ,|, vacation|NN time|NN ,|, promotion|NN opportunities|NNS ,|, and|CC social|JJ acceptance|NN were|VBD most|RBS reserved|VBN for|IN those|DT who|WP had|VBD ‘|NN served|VBN their|PRP$ time|NN ’|NN .|. 
In|IN contrast|NN ,|, those|DT who|WP changed|VBD employer|NN were|VBD handicapped|NNS by|IN the|DT loss|NN of|IN the|DT privileges|NNS that|IN they|PRP left|VBN behind|IN .|. 
The|DT Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP and|CC film|NN -|- making|NN worlds|NNS suggest|VBP a|DT different|JJ logic|NN :|: one|CD where|WRB the|DT old|JJ entitlement|NN -|- based|JJ models|NNS are|VBP a|DT hindrance|NN to|TO boundaryless|JJ career|NN investments|NNS .|. 

With|IN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS ,|, employment|NN relationships|NNS are|VBP too|RB fluid|JJ to|TO assume|VB the|DT trappings|NNS of|IN traditional|JJ loyalty|NN -|- based|JJ employment|NN systems|NNS .|. 
In|IN the|DT simplest|JJS case|NN ,|, employment|NN arrangements|NNS reflect|VBP a|DT ‘|NN spot|NN ’|NN contract|NN involving|VBG a|DT simple|JJ exchange|NN of|IN work|NN for|IN immediate|JJ financial|JJ payment|NN .|. 
However|RB ,|, our|PRP$ examples|NNS suggest|VBP subtler|NN forces|NNS are|VBP at|IN work|NN .|. 
People|NNS are|VBP recruited|VBN to|TO participate|VB in|IN high|JJ -|- technology|NN and|CC film|NN -|- making|NN projects|NNS for|IN the|DT skills|NNS that|IN they|PRP bring|VBP –|- skills|NNS that|WDT have|VBP been|VBN developed|VBN from|IN previous|JJ projects|NNS .|. 
The|DT system|NN ,|, at|IN its|PRP$ best|JJS ,|, consists|VBZ of|IN cycles|NNS in|IN which|WDT the|DT learning|VBG taken|VBN from|IN previous|JJ projects|NNS is|VBZ applied|VBN in|IN the|DT current|JJ project|NN ,|, which|WDT in|IN turn|NN provides|VBZ new|JJ learning|NN opportunities|NNS .|. 
The|DT simple|JJ exchange|NN of|IN commitment|NN to|TO do|VB one|CD ’|NN s|VBZ best|JJS in|IN return|NN for|IN learning|VBG opportunities|NNS may|MD be|VB a|DT common|JJ one|CD in|IN contemporary|JJ employment|NN ,|, and|CC one|CD that|WDT inspires|NNS many|JJ workers|NNS to|TO seek|VB new|JJ employment|NN pastures|NNS when|WRB their|PRP$ learning|NN slows|VBZ down|RB (|( Arthur|NNP ,|, Inkson|NNP &|CC Pringle|NNP ,|, 1999|CD )|) .|. 

The|DT concept|NN of|IN reciprocity|NN reinforces|VBZ the|DT significance|NN of|IN project|NN -|- based|JJ activities|NNS .|. 
Work|NN which|WDT provides|VBZ an|DT underlying|VBG project|NN -|- based|JJ structure|NN ,|, such|JJ as|IN in|IN construction|NN (|( ‘|NN jobs|NNS ’|NN )|) ,|, law|NN (|( cases|NNS )|) ,|, or|CC computing|NN (|( programmes|NNS )|) ,|, provides|VBZ a|DT particular|JJ time|NN span|NN for|IN reciprocities|NNS to|TO occur|VB .|. 
If|IN the|DT benefits|NNS are|VBP genuinely|RB mutual|JJ ,|, projects|NNS provide|VBP a|DT basis|NN for|IN high|JJ commitment|NN from|IN both|DT parties|NNS to|TO the|DT short|JJ -|- term|NN employment|NN contract|NN .|. 
Yet|RB ,|, the|DT benefits|NNS of|IN reciprocity|NN can|MD accrue|VB beyond|IN the|DT project|NN ’|NN s|VBZ conclusion|NN .|. 
Individuals|NNS can|MD take|VB their|PRP$ learning|VBG from|IN projects|NNS and|CC project|NN participants|NNS with|IN them|PRP .|. 
Meanwhile|RB ,|, their|PRP$ influence|NN on|IN other|JJ project|NN participants|NNS can|MD be|VB retained|VBN in|IN the|DT sponsoring|VBG company|NN ,|, or|CC the|DT host|NN industry|NN ,|, or|CC both|DT .|. 
Ultimately|RB ,|, other|JJ industries|NNS can|MD also|RB benefit|VB as|IN mobile|JJ workers|NNS transport|NN best|JJS practices|NNS to|TO new|JJ situations|NNS .|. 

A|DT new|JJ continuity|NN What|WP general|JJ lessons|NNS can|MD be|VB claimed|VBN from|IN our|PRP$ two|CD examples|NNS ?|. 
Many|JJ would|MD argue|VB that|IN traditional|JJ employment|NN systems|NNS ,|, going|VBG back|RB to|TO the|DT factories|NNS of|IN the|DT eighteenth|NN century|NN ,|, do|VBP not|RB favour|NN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS .|. 
We|PRP agree|VBP ,|, but|CC we|PRP also|RB live|VBP in|IN a|DT time|NN when|WRB those|DT systems|NNS are|VBP failing|VBG ,|, and|CC where|WRB their|PRP$ underlying|VBG assumptions|NNS of|IN stasis|NNS are|VBP incompatible|JJ with|IN the|DT emergent|NN reality|NN of|IN persistent|JJ change|NN .|. 
Moreover|RB ,|, those|DT systems|NNS were|VBD designed|VBN according|VBG to|TO a|DT conception|NN of|IN ‘|NN labour|NN capital|NN ’|NN rather|RB than|IN to|TO one|CD of|IN ‘|NN intellectual|JJ capital|NN ’|NN .|. 
Yet|RB ,|, it|PRP is|VBZ the|DT conception|NN of|IN intellectual|JJ capital|NN that|WDT is|VBZ increasingly|RB emphasised|JJ today|NN .|. 
Readers|NNS of|IN this|DT chapter|NN will|MD most|RBS likely|JJ see|VB themselves|PRP as|IN having|VBG a|DT capacity|NN for|IN continuous|JJ learning|NN .|. 
Is|VBZ it|PRP really|RB too|RB great|JJ a|DT step|NN to|TO extend|VB the|DT same|JJ belief|NN in|IN the|DT capacity|NN for|IN learning|VBG to|TO the|DT workforce|NN at|IN large|JJ ?|. 

If|IN the|DT workforce|NN at|IN large|JJ can|MD learn|VB ,|, what|WP are|VBP the|DT social|JJ arrangements|NNS that|IN best|JJS sustain|VB new|JJ learning|NN ?|. 
Leaving|VBG the|DT determination|NN of|IN what|WP is|VBZ to|TO be|VB learned|VBN to|TO a|DT few|JJ senior|JJ managers|NNS ?|. 
Knowing|VBG what|WP is|VBZ best|JJS for|IN people|NNS or|CC trusting|VBG that|IN they|PRP might|MD know|VB ,|, or|CC at|IN least|JJS contribute|VB to|TO knowing|VBG ,|, what|WP is|VBZ best|JJS for|IN themselves|PRP ?|. 
Having|VBG people|NNS trapped|VBN by|IN deferred|VBN rewards|NNS (|( Williamson|NNP ,|, 1975|CD )|) ,|, or|CC acknowledging|VBG that|IN those|DT rewards|NNS systems|NNS are|VBP grounded|VBN in|IN distrust|NN ?|. 

A|DT colleague|NN recently|RB visited|VBD the|DT Czech|JJ republic|NN ,|, and|CC explored|JJ that|DT country|NN ’|NN s|VBZ relatively|RB rapid|JJ adjustment|NN to|TO a|DT market|NN economy|NN .|. 
She|PRP asked|VBD what|WP was|VBD the|DT single|JJ best|JJS thing|NN a|DT Czech|JJ worker|NN could|MD do|VB to|TO learn|VB the|DT underlying|VBG principles|NNS of|IN the|DT market|NN .|. 
‘|NN Work|NN for|IN McDonalds|NNP ,|, ’|NN went|VBD the|DT surprising|JJ reply|NN ,|, ‘|NN but|CC only|RB for|IN six|CD months|NNS .|. ’|NN It|PRP was|VBD explained|VBN that|IN six|CD months|NNS was|VBD quite|RB long|RB enough|RB for|IN the|DT uninitiated|JJ worker|NN to|TO appreciate|VB the|DT importance|NN of|IN customers|NNS and|CC customer|NN service|NN .|. 
After|IN six|CD months|NNS ,|, the|DT worker|NN had|VBD learned|VBN what|WP he|PRP or|CC she|PRP could|MD and|CC it|PRP was|VBD time|NN ,|, from|IN a|DT career|NN perspective|NN ,|, to|TO move|VB on|IN .|. 

The|DT contrast|NN between|IN working|VBG for|IN McDonalds|NNP for|IN six|CD months|NNS or|CC working|VBG for|IN McDonalds|NNP for|IN a|DT lifetime|NN is|VBZ ,|, writ|NN large|JJ ,|, the|DT contrast|NN between|IN boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS and|CC their|PRP$ traditional|JJ bounded|JJ counterparts|NNS .|. 
Today|NN ’|NN s|VBZ work|NN is|VBZ increasingly|RB ‘|NN intelligent|JJ ’|NN work|NN (|( Quinn|NNP ,|, 1992|CD )|) ,|, that|WDT calls|VBZ on|IN workers|NNS ’|NN learning|VBG capacities|NNS ,|, and|CC –|NN as|IN our|PRP$ examples|NNS suggest|VBP –|NN provides|VBZ an|DT organising|VBG structure|NN rich|JJ in|IN project|NN opportunities|NNS through|IN which|WDT learning|VBG episodes|NNS can|MD unfold|VB .|. 
If|IN that|DT organising|VBG structure|NN is|VBZ lacking|VBG ,|, the|DT worker|NN can|MD heed|VB the|DT advice|NN of|IN our|PRP$ Czech|JJ informant|NN and|CC design|VB a|DT project|NN for|IN herself|PRP or|CC himself|PRP .|. 

In|IN the|DT future|NN ,|, we|PRP submit|VBP ,|, most|JJS careers|NNS will|MD be|VB boundaryless|JJ .|. 
We|PRP have|VBP sought|VBN to|TO illustrate|VB the|DT future|NN by|IN exploring|VBG two|CD industries|NNS where|WRB boundaryless|JJ careers|NNS have|VBP flourished|VBN –|NN reaping|VBG benefits|NNS for|IN people|NNS ,|, companies|NNS ,|, and|CC host|NN industries|NNS alike|RB .|. 
New|JJ theories|NNS ,|, such|JJ as|IN Karl|NNP Weick|NNP ’|NN s|VBZ theory|NN on|IN the|DT enactment|NN of|IN careers|NNS ,|, can|MD help|VB us|PRP to|TO understand|VB the|DT underlying|VBG patterns|NNS and|CC dynamics|NNS inherent|JJ in|IN complex|JJ ,|, self|NN -|- organising|NN ,|, social|JJ phenomena|NNS .|. 
People|NNS may|MD not|RB need|VB to|TO move|VB between|IN firms|NNS perpetually|RB ,|, but|CC they|PRP will|MD need|VB to|TO take|VB charge|NN of|IN their|PRP$ own|JJ learning|NN agendas|NNS .|. 
As|IN they|PRP take|VBP charge|NN ,|, boundaries|NNS will|MD form|VB and|CC re-form|JJ ,|, and|CC underlying|VBG order|NN provide|VBP a|DT macro|JJ -|- economic|JJ stability|NN in|IN an|DT environment|NN in|IN which|WDT ‘|NN organization|NN man|NN ’|NN has|VBZ become|VBN all|DT but|CC extinct|JJ .|. 

acknowledgements|NNS We|PRP are|VBP deeply|RB indebted|JJ to|TO Polly|NNP Parker|NNP of|IN the|DT University|NNP of|IN Auckland|NNP ,|, New|NNP Zealand|NNP ,|, Anne|NNP Duncan|NNP and|CC Svenja|NNP Tams|NNP of|IN the|DT London|NNP Business|NNP School|NNP ,|, and|CC Julian|NNP Smith|NNP for|IN their|PRP$ feedback|NN on|IN an|DT earlier|JJR draft|NN of|IN this|DT chapter|NN .|. 
Special|JJ thanks|NNS go|VBP to|TO AnnaLee|NNP Saxenian|NNP ,|, Candace|NNP Jones|NNP ,|, and|CC Karl|NNP Weick|NNP ,|, authors|NNS of|IN chapters|NNS in|IN The|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN in|IN which|WDT these|DT ideas|NNS were|VBD originally|RB presented|VBN and|CC on|IN which|WDT the|DT bulk|NN of|IN this|DT text|NN is|VBZ based|VBN .|. 

references|NNS Arthur|NNP ,|, M. B.|NN ,|, Inkson|NNP ,|, K.|NN ,|, &|CC Pringle|NNP ,|, J. K.|NN ,|, (|( 1999|CD )|) .|. The|DT new|JJ careers|NNS :|: Individual|NNP action|NN and|CC economic|JJ change|NN .|. London|NNP :|: Sage|NNP .|. 
Arthur|NNP ,|, M. B.|NN &|CC Rousseau|NNP ,|, D. M.|NN (|( Eds|NNP .|. )|) (|( 1996|CD )|) .|. The|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN :|: A|DT new|JJ employment|NN principle|NN for|IN a|DT new|JJ organizational|JJ era|NN .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Oxford|NNP University|NNP Press|NNP .|. 
Bakan|NNP ,|, D.|NN (|( 1966|CD )|) .|. The|DT duality|NN of|IN human|JJ existence|NN :|: An|DT essay|NN on|IN psychology|NN and|CC religion|NN .|. Boston|NNP :|: Beacon|NNP .|. 
Collins|NNP ,|, J. C.|NN &|CC Porras|NNP ,|, J. L.|NN (|( 1995|CD )|) .|. Built|VBN to|TO last|VB :|: Successful|JJ habits|NNS of|IN visionary|JJ companies|NNS .|. London|NNP :|: Century|NNP .|. 
Jones|NNP ,|, C.|NN (|( 1996|CD )|) .|. Careers|NNS in|IN project|NN networks|NNS :|: The|DT case|NN of|IN the|DT film|NN industry|NN .|. In|IN M. B.|NN Arthur|NNP &|CC D. M.|NN Rousseau|NNP (|( Eds|NNP .|. )|) ,|, The|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN :|: A|DT new|JJ employment|NN principle|NN for|IN a|DT new|JJ organizational|JJ era|NN (|( pp.|NN 58|CD –|NN 75|CD )|) .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Oxford|NNP University|NNP Press|NNP .|. 
Marshall|NNP ,|, J.|NN (|( 1989|CD )|) .|. Re-visioning|NNP career|NN concepts|NNS :|: A|DT feminist|JJ invitation|NN .|. In|IN M. B.|NN Arthur|NNP ,|, D. T.|NN Hall|NNP ,|, &|CC B. S.|NN Lawrence|NNP (|( Eds|NNP .|. )|) ,|, Handbook|NNP of|IN career|NN theory|NN (|( pp.|NN 275|CD –|NN 291|CD )|) .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Cambridge|NNP University|NNP Press|NNP .|. 
Mischel|NNP ,|, W.|NN (|( 1968|CD )|) .|. Personality|NNP and|CC assessment|NN .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: John|NNP Wiley|NNP &|CC Sons|NNP .|. 
Parker|NNP ,|, P.|NN &|CC Arthur|NNP ,|, M. B.|NN (|( 2000|CD )|) .|. Careers|NNS ,|, organizing|VBG and|CC community|NN .|. In|IN M. B.|NN Arthur|NNP ,|, M. A.|NN Peiperl|NNP ,|, R.|NN Goffee|NNP ,|, &|CC T.|NN Morris|NNP ,|, (|( Eds|NNP .|. )|) ,|, Career|NNP frontiers|NNS :|: New|NNP conceptions|NNS of|IN working|VBG lives|NNS (|( pp.|NN 99|CD –|NN 121|CD )|) .|. Oxford|NNP :|: Oxford|NNP University|NNP Press|NNP .|. 
Quinn|NNP ,|, J. B.|NN (|( 1992|CD )|) .|. Intelligent|NNP enterprise|NN .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Free|NNP Press|NNP .|. 
Rousseau|NNP ,|, D. M.|NN &|CC Arthur|NNP ,|, M. B.|NN (|( 1999|CD )|) .|. The|DT boundaryless|JJ human|JJ resource|NN function|NN :|: building|NN agency|NN and|CC community|NN in|IN the|DT new|JJ economic|JJ era|NN .|. Organizational|NNP Dynamics|NNP 27|CD (|( 4|CD )|) ,|, 7|CD –|NN 18|CD .|. 
Saxenian|NNP ,|, A.|NN (|( 1996|CD )|) .|. Beyond|IN boundaries|NNS :|: Open|NNP labor|NN markets|NNS and|CC learning|VBG in|IN Silicon|NNP Valley|NNP .|. In|IN M. B.|NN Arthur|NNP &|CC D. M.|NN Rousseau|NNP (|( Eds|NNP .|. )|) ,|, The|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN :|: A|DT new|JJ employment|NN principle|NN for|IN a|DT new|JJ organizational|JJ era|NN (|( pp.|NN 23|CD –|NN 39|CD )|) .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Oxford|NNP University|NNP Press|NNP .|. 
Weick|NNP ,|, K. E.|NN (|( 1979|CD )|) .|. The|DT social|JJ psychology|NN of|IN organizing|VBG ,|, (|( 2nd|CD edn|NN )|) .|. Reading|VBG ,|, MA|NNP :|: Addison|NNP -|- Wesley|NNP .|. (|( 1995|CD )|) .|. Sensemaking|NNP in|IN organizations|NNS .|. Thousand|NNP Oaks|NNP ,|, CA|NNP :|: Sage|NNP .|. (|( 1996|CD )|) .|. Enactment|NNP and|CC the|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN :|: Organizing|NNP as|IN we|PRP work|VBP .|. In|IN M. B.|NN Arthur|NNP &|CC D. M.|NN Rousseau|NNP (|( Eds|NNP .|. )|) ,|, The|DT boundaryless|JJ career|NN :|: A|DT new|JJ employment|NN principle|NN for|IN a|DT new|JJ organizational|JJ era|NN (|( pp.|NN 40|CD –|NN 57|CD )|) .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Oxford|NNP University|NNP Press|NNP .|. 
Whyte|NNP ,|, W. H.|NN (|( 1956|CD )|) .|. The|DT organization|NN man|NN .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Simon|NNP and|CC Schuster|NNP .|. 
Williamson|NNP ,|, O. E.|NN (|( 1975|CD )|) .|. Markets|NNS and|CC hierarchies|NNS :|: Analysis|NNP and|CC antitrust|JJ implications|NNS .|. New|NNP York|NNP :|: Free|NNP Press|NNP .|. 
